• 경영과학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

The paper demonstrates that versioning of digital products occurs more frequently than that of physical products because of low marginal cost. The versioning occurs no matter what a customer knows his/her reservation price. Low-quality version will not be produced when the difference between reservation prices is very large. The paper also shows that a firm tries to lower the quality of low-quality product to prevent customers with high reservation prices from purchasing low-quality product.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2013

Purpose - It is widely accepted that the process of developing marketing strategy is composed of three steps: market segmentation, target market selection and positioning. However, mass marketing strategy based on cost reduction through economies of scale and standardized products, can be also an effective strategic option. Many marketing scholars including Theodore Levitt emphasize the importance of applying the mass production concept to various industries including service industries. Especially, in times of economic downturn, the capability of providing consumers with low-priced, value products can be an important source of competitive advantage, as well as the ability of providing high-priced premium products. Marketers should decide whether they will implement mass marketing strategy or target marketing strategy. The present study theoretically shows that firms should understand the target customers' price elasticity as well as the firm's cost structure in order to make such a strategic decision. Research design, data, and methodology - Instead of implementing an empirical study, this study provides a theoretical(mathematical) investigation on the effect of consumers' price elasticity on a firm's optimal price level, profit, sales volume, revenue, and cost. The results are mostly deduced from derivative calculations and several graphs are utilized to represent the results on the relationships between the variables under study. Results - The analytical results suggest that it is more profitable for a firm to adopt the segment/target marketing strategy (more specifically the differentiation strategy) when the degree of consumers' heterogeneity is high and the proportion of the fixed cost in the total cost is low. On the other hand, if the degree of consumers' heterogeneity is low and the fixed cost is high, it is better to adopt the mass marketing strategy or the cost leadership strategy. The strategy of concentrating on a single target market will be effective when consumers' needs are highly heterogeneous but the fixed cost is high. Any of the three types of generic strategies proposed my Porter(1980, 1985) can be applied when both the consumers' heterogeneity and the fixed cost are low. This study also proposes the contribution-margin-based method for developing the optimal pricing strategy. Conclusions - One of the primary roles of marketers is to find a proper compromise between the two conflicting goals of maximizing customer satisfaction and minimizing cost. In order to do so, he or she should understand the characteristics of the target customers as well as the cost structure of the firm. In addition to the theoretical analyses, this study discusses several business cases and explains how superior companies find the optimal compromise position between these two goals and dominate the market. One of the radical changes recently taking place in business arena is the reduction of production and distribution costs of both physical goods and information due to the advancement and the wide diffusion of information technology. The cost reduction combined with lowered priced elasticity incurred by customized products and services, will enable many firms to adopt the mass customization strategy.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2019

Nowadays, as the availability of tiny, low-cost microcomputer increases at a high level, mobile robots are experiencing remarkable enhancements in hardware design, software performance, and connectivity advancements. In order to control Turtlebot 2, several algorithms have been developed using the Robot Operating System(ROS). However, ROS requires to be run on a high-cost computer which increases the hardware cost and the power consumption to the robot. Therefore, design an algorithm based on low-cost hardware is the most innovative way to reduce the unnecessary costs of the hardware, to increase the performance, and to decrease the power consumed by the computer on the robot. In this paper, we present a path-finding algorithm for TurtleBot 2 based on low-cost hardware. We implemented the algorithm using Raspberry pi, Windows 10 IoT core, and RPLIDAR A2. Firstly, we used Raspberry pi as the alternative to the computer employed to handle ROS and to control the robot. Raspberry pi has the advantages of reducing the hardware cost and the energy consumed by the computer on the robot. Secondly, using RPLIDAR A2 and Windows 10 IoT core which is running on Raspberry pi, we implemented the path-finding algorithm which allows TurtleBot 2 to navigate from the starting point to the destination using the map of the area. In addition, we used C# and Universal Windows Platform to implement the proposed algorithm.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.987-992
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• 2001

내화물 등급의 저가 질화규소 분말을 분석 및 가공한 후, 소결조제을 첨가하여 가스압 소결하였다. 원료분말에는 다량의 free Si가 있었으며 Fe, Al, Ca등의 불순물도 각각 0.72wt%, 0.5wt%, 0.31wt%로 다량 존재하였다. 산소와 탄소의 함량도 각각 3.3wt%와 0.4wt%로 많았으며, 96%의 $\beta$-상과 4%의 $\alpha$-상으로 구성하였다. 원료 분말을 탈철처리 및 질화처리 하여 소결조제인 6wt% yttria와 2wt% alumina를 첨가하고, 1823K-2133 K의 온도 범위에서 1시간씩 소결하여 소결거동을 조사하였다. 또, 2123K에서 2시간동안 소결하여 충분히 치밀화된 소결체를 얻었다. 비교를 위하여 상용 질화규소 분말을 같이 소결하여 소결거동과 기계적 특성 등을 조사하였다. 저가의 분말을 상용 분말보다 치밀화 속도는 늦었다. 충분히 치밀화된 저가 분말의 소결체는 낮은 aspect rtio를 갖는 조대 결정립들이 다수 존재하였으며, 경도, 파괴인성, 꺽임강도, 내열 충격성 등이 상용 분말의 소결체 보다 떨어졌다.

• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.19-22
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• 2007

We developed a low cost digital X-Ray image capturing system using a CCD camera, instead of using the high cost image plate and image intensifier. In order to reduce the system volume, we directly made the dark box shorter than the previous model. Using the graphic language, we developed a program in order for post-processing the images captured by the CCD camera. This program improves the image resolving power.

• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 1997년도 전력전자학술대회 논문집
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• pp.14-20
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• 1997

Due to several advantages of Pulse Width Modulated(PWM) Converter, such as unity power factor with low-harmonics and energy regeneration, PWM converter has been widely used in industrial application. In every application of energy conversion equipment, the design and implementation must be carried out considering performance and cost. High quality with low cost is the best choice for energy conversion equipment. High dc link voltage can reduce inverter and motor side losses and system dimension compare to low dc link voltage. Analog controller can make PWM converter cheaper without considerable degradation of the performance than digital controller. This paper shows the simplified analog controller-for 600V dc link voltage using stationary reference frame control and the simulation results.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2006년도 6th International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.641-643
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• 2006

Add-Vision has developed a low-cost print technology for P-OLED displays on flexible substrates that meets several essentials for a new technology including: (1) Functionality including low DC voltage and wide color gamut; (2) Utilization of inexpensive tools; (3) Performance matching entry applications and markets. AVI's process is based on large-area printing of a combination of doped emissive and air-stable cathode inks utilizing truly low-cost tools to create printed P-OLEDs.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.336-342
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• 2012

A low-cost optimal double-prism method is proposed by using the developed MATLAB program to correct chromatic aberration. We present an efficient approach to choose a couple of low-cost glasses to obtain a low aberration double prism. The doublet prisms were made of two lead-free glasses. The relative partial dispersion of the two lead-free glasses is identical and their Abbe numbers are different greatly. The proposed design aims to minimize chromatic aberration, such as in apochromats, for paraxial ray tracing. Finally, an optimization design for real ray tracing can be evaluated by the chromatic aberration curve with a minimal area.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.707-714
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• 2022

Hydrogen production using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) is a promising technology because of its efficiency, cleanness, and scalability. Especially, high-power SOEC system has received a lot of attention from researchers. This study compared and analyzed the low-power and high-power SOEC system in term of economic. By using revenue requirement method, levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) was calculated for comparison. In addition, the sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the dependence of hydrogen cost on input variables. The results indicated that high-power SOEC system is superior to a low-power SOEC system. In the capital cost, the stack cost is dominant in both systems, but the electricity cost is the most contributed factor to the hydrogen cost. If the high-power SOEC system combines with a nuclear power plant, the hydrogen cost can reach 3.65 $/kg when the electricity cost is 3.28 ¢/kWh and the stack cost is assumed to be 574 $/kW.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1992년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 92
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

Press is one of the most dangerous machine among the hazardous machinery. So, the apparatus of low cost automation is suggested to supply circumferential workpieces to press. And the apparatus is mocked up to apply practically.