• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2013

Local governments are establishing their own greenhouse gas reduction goal and are playing a important role to respond to climatic changes. However, there are difficulties in quantitative analyses such as estimation of future greenhouse gas emission and computation of reduction potential, which are procedures required to establish mid to long term strategies to realize of low carbon society by each local governments. Also, reduction measures must reflect characteristics of each local government, since the reduction power of each local government can differ according to characteristics of each. In order to establish strategies that reflect characteristics of local governments, types of greenhouse gas emission from cities were classified largely into residential city, commercial city, residential commercial city, agriculture and fishery city, convergence city, and industrial city. As a result of analyzing basic unit of greenhouse gas emission by local government during 2007 in terms of per population, household and GRDP based on the type classification, significant results were deduced for each type. To manage the amount of the national greenhouse gas, reduction measures should be focused on the local governments that emits more than the average of each type's GHG emission.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.145-155
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• 2014

Since greenhouse gas emissions increase continuously, the authorities have needed climate change countermeasure for adapting the acceleration of climate change damages. According to "Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth", Korean local governments should have established the implementation plan of climate change adaptation. These guidelines which is the implementation plan of climate change adaptation should be established countermeasure in 7 fields such as Health, Digester/Catastrophe, Agriculture, Forest, Ecosystem, Water Management and Marine/Fisheries. Basically the Korean local governments expose vulnerable financial condition, therefore the authorities might be assessed the vulnerability by local regions and fields, in order to establish an efficient implementation plan of climate change adaptation. Based on this concepts, this research used 3 methods which are LCCGIS, questionnaire survey analysis and analysis of existing data for the multiphasic vulnerable assessment. This study was verified the correlation among 7 elements of climate change vulnerability by 3 analysis methods, in order to respond climate change vulnerability in rural areas, Seocheon-gun. If the regions were evaluated as a vulnerable area by two or more evaluation methods in the results of 3 methods' comparison and evaluation, those areas were selected by vulnerable area. As a result, the vulnerable area of heavy rain and flood was Janghang-eup and Maseo-myeon, the vulnerable area of typhoon was Janghang-eup, Masan-myeon and Seo-myeon. 3 regions (i.e. Janghang-eup, Biin-myeon, Seo-myeon) were vulnerable to coastal flooding, moreover Masan-myeon, Pangyo-myeon and Biin-myeon exposed to vulnerability of landslide. In addition, Pangyo-myeon, Biin-myeon and Masan-myeon was evaluated vulnerable to forest fire, as well as the 3 sites; Masan-myeon, Masan-myeon and Pangyo-myeon was identified vulnerable to ecosystem. Lastly, 3 regions (i.e. Janghang-eup, Masan-myeon and Masan-myeon) showed vulnerable to flood control, additionally Janghang-eup and Seo-myeon was vulnerable to water supply. However, all region was evaluated vulnerable to water quality separately. In a nutshell this paper aims at deriving regions which expose climate change vulnerabilities by multiphasic vulnerable assessment of climate change, and comparing-evaluating the assessments.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 2018

"The Framework Act on Low-Carbon Green Growth" specifies the requirements for the development and verification of emission factors for establishing reliable national greenhouse gas statistics. The scope of the regulations covers the development and validation of energy, industrial processes, solvents and other product use, agriculture, land use, land use change and emission and absorption coefficients of the forestry and waste sector as defined in the 1996 IPCC Guideline and GPG 2000, The minerals sector to be covered in this study belongs to industrial processes. As a representative method for quantifying and evaluating GHG emission factors, there are emission grade quality grading and DARS (Data Rating Rating System) in the 'Procedures for Preparing Emission Factor Documents (1997)' reported by US-EPA. However, the above two methods are not specific and comprehensive, and lack the details for accurate emission factor verification. Therefore, there is a need for a method for verifying and quantifying certified greenhouse gas emission factors that reflects characteristics of each industry sector in Korea and accord with IPCC G/L and GHG target management. In this study, we conducted a weighted study on quantitative and evaluation lists of emission factor using questionnaires to develop a more accurate methodology for quantifying national greenhouse gas emission factors in the mineral sector. Quantification and evaluation of emission factor are classified into essential verification and quality evaluation. The essential verifications are : administrative compatibility, method of determining emission factors, emission characteristics, sampling methods and analysis methods, representativeness of data. The quality evaluations consisted of the quality control of the data, the accuracy of the measurement and analysis, the level of uncertainty, not directly affect the emission factor, but consisted of factors that determine data quality.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether the methane (CH₄) to carbon dioxide (CO₂) ratio (CH₄/CO₂) and methane-related traits obtained by the sniffer method can be used as indicators for genetic selection of Holstein cows with lower CH₄ emissions. Methods: The sniffer method was used to simultaneously measure the concentrations of CH₄ and CO₂ during milking in each milking box of the automatic milking system to obtain CH₄/CO₂. Methane-related traits, which included CH₄ emissions, CH₄ per energy-corrected milk, methane conversion factor (MCF), and residual CH₄, were calculated. First, we investigated the impact of the model with and without body weight (BW) on the lactation stage and parity for predicting methane-related traits using a first on-farm dataset (Farm 1; 400 records for 74 Holstein cows). Second, we estimated the genetic parameters for CH₄/CO₂ and methane-related traits using a second on-farm dataset (Farm 2; 520 records for 182 Holstein cows). Third, we compared the repeatability and environmental effects on these traits in both farm datasets. Results: The data from Farm 1 revealed that MCF can be reliably evaluated during the lactation stage and parity, even when BW is excluded from the model. Farm 2 data revealed low heritability and moderate repeatability for CH₄/CO₂ (0.12 and 0.46, respectively) and MCF (0.13 and 0.38, respectively). In addition, the estimated genetic correlation of milk yield with CH₄/CO₂ was low (0.07) and that with MCF was moderate (-0.53). The on-farm data indicated that CH₄/CO₂ and MCF could be evaluated consistently during the lactation stage and parity with moderate repeatability on both farms. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the on-farm applicability of the sniffer method for selecting cows with low CH₄ emissions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.262-268
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: To investigate mineralization characteristics of organic resources in the soil, five materials (rice straw, cow manure sawdust compost, microorganism compost, mixed oil-cake, and amino acid fertilizer) were treated according to the nitrogen content, and an indoor incubation experiment was conducted for 128 days. The results of this analysis were applied to determine the nitrogen mineralization pattern of these organic resources. METHODS AND RESULTS: During the constant temperature incubation period, the nitrogen net mineralization rate of the organic resources was the highest in the amino acid fertilizer with the highest nitrogen content, and the lowest in the rice straw with the lowest nitrogen content. A positive correlation (0.96) was observed between the potential nitrogen mineralization rate and total nitrogen content. The mineralization rate constant, k, was negatively correlated with the organic matter (-0.96) and carbon content (-0.97). The nitrogen mineralization rate during the first cropping season, as estimated by the model, was 6.6%, 11.6%, 30.9%, 70.7%, and 81.0% for the rice straw, the cow manure sawdust compost, the microorganism compost, the mixed oil-cake, and the amino acid fertilizer, respectively. CONCLUSION: The nitrogen mineralization rate varies depending on the type of organic resources or the nitrogen content; thus, it can be used as an index for determining the nitrogen supply characteristics of the organic resource. Organic resources such as compost with low nitrogen content or those undergoing fermentation contain organic nitrogen. Organic nitrogen is stabilized during the composting process. Therefore, as the nitrogen mineralization rate of these resources is lower than that of non-fermented organic resources, it is desirable to use the fermented organic materials only to improve soil physical properties rather than to supply nutrients for the required amount of fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1004-1008
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• 2012

The importance of environment-friendly agriculture is being magnified as a new growth engine industry in pursuit of low carbon, green growth policies. Since 2010, the Korean government has been promoting the supply of customized fertilizers which were manufactured based on chemical properties of agricultural soils. This aims focused to improve the efficiency of fertilizer used and to protect the agricultural environment. In order to provide technical supports for pushing ahead with the environment-friendly agriculture policies, we have estimated the effects of customized fertilization (CF) on growth and yield of rice and fertilizer reduction compared to conventional fertilization (farm practice fertilization) and single-element fertilization. In rice plant growth and rice yield, no statistically significant difference between the three fertilization treatments was observed. The fertilizer reduction rate with CF compared to conventional fertilization of investigated farms was on average 17%, which covered 6% through 33%. With split ratio, CF 70 reduced the amounts of fertilizer ingredient by 5% compare to CF 50. This paper shows that the customized fertilizer application reduced the amounts of fertilizer used in rice cultivation without decrease of yields.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 2010

Swine wastewater contains high amounts of organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). The biological nitrogen removal can be achieved by nitrification and denitrification processes. Nitrification-denitrification can be performed via nitrite which is called as the short-cut process. This Short-cut process saves up to 25% of oxygen and 40% of external carbon during nitrification and denitrification. In this study, the batch tests were conducted to assess the different parameters for the nitrite sulfur utilizing denitrification, such as alkalinity, temperature, initial nitrite concentration, and dissolved oxygen. The experimental results showed that the nitrite removal efficiency of the reactor was found to be over 95% under the optimum condition ($30^{\circ}C$ and sufficient alkalinity). Autotrophic nitrate denitrification was inhibited at low alkalinity condition showing only 10% removal efficiency, while nitrite denitrification was achieved over 95%. The nitrite removal rates were found similar at both $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. In addition, nitrite removal efficiencies were inhibited by increasing oxygen concentration, but sulfate concentration increased due to sulfur oxidation under an aerobic condition. Sulfate production and alkalinity consumption were decreased with nitrite compared those with nitrate.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.739-744
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• 2013

In this study, torrefaction was performed to improve fuel properties of Larch. The optimal condition for torrefaction was investigated by response surface methodology. The torrefaction temperature and time ranged $220{\sim}280^{\circ}C$ and 20~80 min, respectively. As the torrefaction temperature and time increased, the carbon content of torrefied biomass increased from 49.36 to 56.65%, while its hydrogen and oxygen contents decreased from 5.56 to 5.48% and from 37.62 to 31.67%, respectively. The weight loss and calorific value increased with SF, while energy yield decreased. At the severe torrefaction condition (SF 7), the weight loss and calorific value were 26.58% and 22.30 MJ/kg, respectively. The energy contained in torrefied biomass increased to 20.41%, when compared with the untreated biomass. As the torrefaction severity increased, the energy yield decreased due to the relatively high weight loss of biomass. Therefore, the highest energy yield was obtained at high calorific value and low weight loss of biomass (SF 5.72).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2009

In this paper, we assessed the growth of rice seedlings(Chucheong variety) in commercial organic growth medium that was substituted with different ratios of vermicast of oyster mushroom waste grown under potting alone, and potting and floor layering treatment. The commercial organic growth medium was substituted with vermicast at ratios of control, 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. The control consisted of commercial organic growth medium alone without vermicast. Incorporation of $4%{\sim}6%$ vermicast of oyster mushroom waste into a commercial organic growth medium enhanced the growth of rice seedlings significantly as compared to commercial organic growth medium alone(control), and 2% amended with vermicast in potting treatment. This results demonstrate that substitution with low ratios of vermicast($4%{\sim}6%$) will promote growth of rice seedlings. The growth of rice seedlings in commercial organic growth medium alone without vermicast was enhanced significantly as compared to the substituted with vermicast in floor layering treatment, it may due to nutrient uptake by elongated root from the vermicast when applied to on the floor layering. Floor layering treatment is an effective method for potting processing of vermicast. The vermicast of oyster mushroom waste should have a high safety and great potential as materials of growth media for increasing plant growth, either as soil conditioner, or as substitution or amendments to commercial organic growth medium. For the enhanced growth of rice seedlings, demand to increase with total nitrogen, and decrease with the carbon and nitrogen ratio(C/N) of commercial organic growth medium supplied by such as vermicast.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1124-1129
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• 2011

The importance of environment-friendly agriculture is being magnified as a new growth engine industry in pursuit of low carbon, green growth policies. In order to provide technical supports for pushing ahead with the environment-friendly agriculture policies, we estimated the effects of customized fertilization on growth and yield of rice and fertilizer reduction compared to conventional fertilization and single-element fertilization. In rice plant growth and rice yield, no statistically significant difference between the three fertilization treatments was observed. In contrast, customized fertilization showed high disaster resistance reducing the damage caused by rice lodging during a typhoon. The average N application in farms showing high rice lodging amounted to $135kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ while $135-138kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ was known as the critical range of rice lodging in Korea. The fertilizer reduction rate of customized fertilization compared to conventional fertilization of investigated farms was on average 22.5%. We estimated the short-term effects of customized fertilization in the first year after application. In future, there is need for continuous examination of rice growth and soil environment change due to successive application of customized fertilizer.