• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.357-367
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• 1997

Purpose : To identify variable prognostic factors and analyse failure patterns in the uterine cervix cancer after radical operation and adjuvant radio-therapy, a retrospective analysis was undertaken. Materals and Methods : I analysed one hundred and twenty four patients with uterine cervix cancer, FIGO stage IB, IIA and IIB, treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection followed by adjuvant radio-therapy between May 1985 and May 1994. Minimum follow up period was 24 months. All of them were treated with full dose external radiotherapy with linear accelerator and/or high dese rate intracavitary radiation. Results : Overall 5 year survival rate and relapse free survival rate were $75.4\%,\;73.5\%$, respectively. Significant prognostic factors by relapse free survival were wall involvement thickness, lymph node location and number, parametrium involvement, tumor size, stage, uterine body involvement, vaginal resection margin involvement. By multivariate analysis, lymph node matastasis. tumor size and vaginal resection margin involvement were significant prognostic factos. Treatment related failure were 33 cases. Locoregional failure were more likely in the stage IIB, lymph node positive or vaginal resection margin positive patients whereas distant failures were relatively more frequent in stage IB, IIA and lymph node, vaginal resection negative patients. In stage IIB, 5 year relapse free survival rate was only $56\%$ and nine of twenty two patients recurred. Conculsion : Postoperative radiotherapy results are good for patients with relatively low risk factor. But the results are poor for patients with multiple, high risk factors or stage IIB. To control recurrence for patients with high risk factors, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy is not sufficient treatment method. To raise control rate adding other methods such as radiosensitizing agent or chemotherapy is necessary and prospectively randomized study is needed for evaluation of postoperative radiotherapy efficacy and /or other methods. And it is reasonable to treat primary radical radiotherapy for patients with stage IIB cervical cancer instead of radical operation and adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy regimen.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.76-87
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• 2001

Objective : Zusanli(ST36) and Hoku(Li4) are analgesic acupuncture points frequently used for acupuncture in Oriental medicine. The present study was conducted to see the antinociceptive effects produced by electroacupuncture combined two frequencies(Low, High) and two different acupuncture points(LI4, ST36) in the rat tail flick test. Method : In this study the Rats (Sprague-Dawley, 250-300g) were partially anesthetized with thiopental sodium(40mg/kg, i.p.). The basal reaction time for the tail-flick was 3${\pm}$0.5 sec. Low frequency(3Hz, 5V, biphasic) and high frequency(100Hz, 5V, biphasic) were applied to the inserted needle for the period of insertion(twenty minutes). Experimental groups are divied as follow; a) electroacupuncture stimulation groups at Hoku with or high frequency(L-EA, H-EA), b) electroacupuncture stimulation groups at Zusanli with low or high frequency(1-EA, h-EA), c) low frequency at Hoku and Zusanli(LIEA), d) low frequency at Hoku and high frequency at Zusanli(LhEA), e) high frequency at Hoku and low frequency at Zusanli(HIEA), f) high frequency at Hoku and Zusanli(HhEA) Results : The individual stimulation at either Hoku or Zusanli with low frequency has stronger and longer analgesic effect than high frequency stimulation. In addition, the combined stimulation at Hoku and Zusanli with low frequency has superior effect to individual stimulation with low frequency. LhEA and LIEA have superior effect to other stimulation groups among the combined groups. In order to determine the involvement of opioid system on the different antinociceptive effects, Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, was used in the combined groups. LIEA is the most sensitive when naloxone was administrated among study groups. HhEA is the least sensitive in the administration of naloxone. Conclusion : From results, this study confirmed that the opioid system is involved in analgesic effect of low frequency stimulation of acupuncture point, and we also can suggest the stronger analgesic effect of combining stimulation points is due to the theory of spatial summation in the nervous system.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.45-51
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to explore the evaluation of transfer and elicit the implications regarding the improvement of educational curriculum, educational method, and educational environment. In order to do this, concepts of the transfer and related theories were explored. In terms of data collection method, the researchers conducted survey and semi-structured interview with 30 graduates who majored in Mechanical engineering by using the transfer tool developed by No and Park (2011). According to the result of the survey, a high average (4.27) between major subjects and one's current jobs was revealed. In addition to this, the participants' opportunity to apply what they learned from the college to transfer to their current job setting scored average of 4.10 and this score implies fairly high application of the transfer. In terms of the participants' extent to remember the liberal arts subjects, it scored average 2.90 which was fairly low. According to the survey about the curriculum, whether the major subjects as well as the liberal arts subjects were necessary for the transfer, the participants showed average score of 3.90. Concerning the item of whether the participants received lectures including practical problems, cases, or experiences in order to increase the transfer, the participants showed 2.63 which was fairly low. The followings are the results of the interview. First, regarding majors in educational curriculum, it was shown that educational curriculum were directly applied to the transfer. Especially, it was shown that involvement in the major-related activities and team projects played a positive role, thus, the involvement in such activities should be enforced. With respect to the improvements of the major, emphasizing the internship of the major-related subjects, courses centered on monitoring the latest programs and job recruiting trends, and information of professional engineers' tests were suggested for the improvements.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.61-76
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• 2020

As the media environment changes rapidly, the size of the online advertising market is growing rapidly. However, consumer's trustfulness in online advertising is much lower than that of old media, and there is also a phenomenon of advertising avoidance. Thus, in this study, advertising skepticism, advertising appeals, involvement, and FCB Grid theory were used to provide Youtube and advertisers with implications for advertising strategies. It was intended to provide a way to lower consumer advertising avoidance. As a result of Research 1, consumers with high advertising avoidance showed low advertising attitudes, brand attitudes, and attitudes toward products. In addition, there was no difference in gender, and when the frequency of online video viewing decreased and the age increased, advertising avoidance increased. Research 2 shows that consumers with high levels of advertising skepticism showed a high level of advertising attitude when the level of involvement was low and transformational appeal was high. In the FCB Grid model, consumers with high levels of advertising skepticism are found to be suitable for transformational appeal advertising. These results mean that Youtube and advertisers should think important about advertising skepticism, which is the cause of advertising avoidance, and that consumers with high levels of advertising skepticism should be presented with advertisements suitable for each type of product in the online advertising market.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.786-795
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• 2002

Three-day-old sunfower(Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings were do-rooted and incubated in the nutrient solutions that contained either deficient or sufficient boron supply, and exposure to various pH and temperatures. In the absence of boron, no adventitious roots were formed in the majority of the seedlings. Boron caused the development of numerous adventitious roots in the lower part of the hypocotyl. The low pH damage was ameliorated by the simultaneous application of calcium, implying the involvement of calcium-requiring process in overcoming proton toxicity. Borate showed a strong ameliorative effect with $Ca^{2+}$. These results suggest that the primary target of proton toxicity may be linked to a disturbance of the stability in the pectic polysaccharide network, where calcium plays a key role in plant roots. Maximum temperature for the growth of adventitious roots was $25^{\circ}C$. Although cessation of growth is the most apparent symptom of boron deficiency, exogenous ascorbate improved adventitious root growth in plants in the absence of boron. From the results it is suggested that the inhibition of adventitious root resulting from boron deficiency, low pH and temperature damage may be a consequence of disrupted ascorbate metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.165-176
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• 2017

Objective: Delinquent peers are important predictors of adolescent delinquent behavior. Few studies have classified individuals into groups based on patterns of delinquent behavior among youth and their peers. This study identified latent groups based on adolescent-peer delinquency and examined psychosocial characteristics of each latent group. Methods: First, the study employed latent class analysis based on a nationally representative data of South Korean middle school students (N = 2,277). Both adolescent and peer delinquent behaviors comprised 13 items in the questionnaire that was self-reported by adolescents. Second, the study used multivariate regression models to analyze psychosocial symptoms of latent groups and conducted Wald tests to compare differences among latent groups. Results: Patterns of adolescent-peer delinquency were classified into six latent groups. "Mutual total delinquent group (1.2%)" showed high rates in most delinquent experiences. "Mutual status delinquent group (5.7%)" mainly experienced status delinquency, "Mutual violence delinquent group (5.3%)" showed high rates of violent delinquency. "Peer-only total high delinquent group (3.8%)" reported friends to have engaged in all types of delinquency and "Peer-only total medium delinquent group (11.8%)" reported peer involvement in multiple status and few violent delinquency. Finally, "low risk group (72.2%)" reported low rates of delinquency for themselves and their friends. Regression analysis showed that every "mutual" delinquent group presented significantly worse psychosocial problems than the "low risk group." Conclusion: Using person centered latent class analysis, this study classified six latent classes while considering both delinquent agents and various types of delinquency and investigated specific groups with greater risk of psychosocial problems.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.487-492
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on the sensitivity of seizure response to bicuculline, picrotoxin and NMDA in mice. The mice were exposed to either a sham or 20 G ELF-MFs for 24 hours. Convulsants were then administered i.p. at various doses. The seizure induction time and duration were measured and lethal dose ($LD_{50$}) and convulsant dose ($CD_{50}$) of the clonic and tonic convulsion were calculated. The analysis of glutamate, glycine, taurine and GABA of mouse brain was accomplished by HPLC. The mice exposed to ELF-MFs showed moderately higher $CD_{50}.{\;}LD_{50}$ and onset time on the bicuculline-induced seizure. However, the ELF-MFs did not influence them in the NMDA and picrotoxin-induced seizures. After the exposure to MFs exposure, the glutamate level was increased and GABA was decreased significantly in NMDA and picrotoxin-induced seizure. The level of glutamate and GABA were not changed by MFs in bicuculline-induced seizure. These results suggest that ELF-MFs may alter the convulsion susceptibility through GABAergic mechanism with the involvement of the level of glutamate and GABA.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2022

Single-cycle viruses generated by reverse genetic technology are replication-incompetent viruses due to the elimination of gene(s) essential for viral replication, which provides a way to overcome the safety problem in attenuated viruses. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a major pathogen causing severe damage in cultured salmonid species. In the present study, we generated a single-cycle IHNV lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain in the G gene (rIHNV-GΔTM) and evaluated the prophylactic potential of rIHNV-GΔTM in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To produce rIHNV-GΔTM, IHNV G protein-expressing Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells were established. However, as the efficiency of rIHNV-GΔTM production in EPC cell clones was not high, fish were immunized with a low-tittered single-cycle virus (1.5 × 10² PFU/fish). Despite the low dose, the single-cycle IHNV induced significant protection in rainbow trout against IHNV infection, suggesting high immunogenicity of rIHNV-GΔTM. No significant difference in serum ELISA titers against IHNV between the rIHNV-GΔTM immunized group and the control group suggests that the immunized dose of rIHNV-GΔTM might be too low to induce significant humoral adaptive immune responses in rainbow trout. The involvement of adaptive cellular immunity or innate immunity in the present significantly higher protection by the immunization with rIHNV-GΔTM should be further investigated to know the protection mechanism.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.291-302
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• 2023

As the first part of the body that strikes the ground during running, sports shoes are especially important for improving performance and reducing injuries. The use of new nanotechnology materials in the shoe's sole that can affect the movement angle of the foot and the ground reaction forces during running has not been reported yet. It is important to consider the material of the sole of the shoe since it determines the long-term performance of sports shoes, including their comfort while walking, running, and jumping. Running performance can be improved by polymer foam that provides good support with low energy dissipation (low energy dissipation). Running shoes have a midsole made of ethylene propylene copolymer (EPP) foam. The mechanical properties of EPP foam are, however, low. To improve the mechanical performance of EPP, conventional mineral fillers are commonly used, but these fillers sacrifice energy return. In this study, to improve the magnificence of physical education training with nanotechnology, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) derived from recycled plastics were prepared by catalytic chemical vapor deposition and used as nucleating and reinforcing agents. As a result of the results, the physical, mechanical, and dynamic response properties of EPP foam combined with CNT and zinc oxide nanoparticles were significantly improved. When CNT was added to the nanocomposites with a weight percentage of less than 0.5 wt%, the wear resistance, physical properties, dynamic stiffness, compressive strength, and rebound properties of EPP foams were significantly improved.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2016

Background : The 2015 American thyroid association (ATA) guidelines greatly expanded section on risk stratification of thyroid cancer. Definition of "Low risk of recurrence" has expanded, by inclusion of small volume lymph node involvement, such as less than 5 lymph node metastases each smaller than 2mm in central compartment. Purpose : We evaluated the number of positive nodes, Positive node ratio (PNR), recurrence, and radioablation therapy. Also, evaluated the safety of omitting strategy of radioablation after total thyroidectomy with PTC, especially on low-PNR N1a patients compared with high-PNR N1a patients. Methods : Consecutive 147 N1a and 216 N0 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection between 2003 and 2004 were enrolled. We divided 147 N1a patients into two groups, such as 96 high-PNR versus 51 low-PNR group according to 50% of PNR, and compared these two groups with N0 group. Results: 7.2% (26/363) recurrences were occurred, and 21/147 (14.3 %) recurrences were on N1a patients, and 5/216 (2.3 %) were on N0 patients. Of these 21 recurrences in N1a stage patients, 20 (95.2 %) recurrences were occurred in high-PNR N1a group and only 1 (4.8 %) recurrence was in low-PNR N1a group. The recurrence of low-PNR N1a group was significantly lower than high-PNR N1a group (Log-rank p value = 0.003), but significantly not different from N0 group (Log-rank p value = 0.889). Although this study was a retrospective non-randomized trial with small number of patients, the 10-year recurrence of omitting RAI in low-PNR N1a patients with less than 50% of PNR were shown to be comparable with 216 N0 low risk patients. Conclusion : Positive node ratio could be a useful predictor of recurrence and useful guidance postoperative management -rather than absolute number of positive node.