• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.43-50
• /
• 1976

This is the report of a food consumption survey of 193 members of 30 farm families in three rural villages of Korea. From a total of 188 households of the three villages, namely Wolgok in Kyunggi Do Province, Wachon in Kangwon Do Province, and Sobong in Cholla Namdo Province, 30 households were chosen for the survey. Four consecutive seasonal surveys, beginning in the autumn, November 1974 and finishing with the summer, August 1975, were made and each survey covered three consecutive days. The Precise Weighing Method was used in evaluating the kinds of food and nutrient intakes of the subjects. This method entails the accurate weighing of all foods by the investigator just prior to their consumption by the subjects under investigation. This survey was male to determine the actual food eaten by the members of these farm families at each season of the year, and to note any special differences in the foods consumed. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Food Intake The traditional ordinary diet of Korean farmers consists mainly of rice and other cereals as staple foods, and simple subsidary foods. The nutritional shortcomings of rice as a staple food are evident in the subclinical status of nutritional deficiencies. The mean consumption of cereals and their products was very high and it was more than half of the daily total food intake throughout all the seasons. The consumption of animal food, fruits, and fat by the farmers was very low. Fruit intake during winter and spring was almost nil. One of the special foods in the Korean dietary pattern is Kim-chi, a variety of pickled and fermented vegetables. The mean intake of Kim-chi during autumn and winter was very much higher than the other seasons. Korean farmers have difficulties in balanced year-round supply of food due to seasonality of food production and lack of food preservation. As nutrition problems of Korean farmers are highly influenced by seasonal variations, the expansion of an appropriate food preservation and storage programme should be encouraged. Special consideration should be given to new methods of preservation, the types of foods preserved, and production and consumption of nutritionally valuable foods for the improvement of the nutritional status in rural communities. Nutrient Intake Average adult rates for calorie and protein in the three study areas were 0.80 and 0.87 respectively, with little variations by villages. The adult caloric intake in averaged 2,928 kcal for autumn, 2,662 for winter, 2,673 for spring, and 2,760 for summer. Cereals contributed most of the total calories. In terms of the recommended daily dietary allowances for the Korean given by the Korea FAO Association, the diets in this survey were adequate except in the winter and spring. The protein intake averaged from 76.4 grams in autumn to 83.4 grams in summer and was near the recommended allowance, but a relatively large proportion of the total protein came from cereals and their products. The fat intake was unsatisfactory, ranging from 19.2 grams to 29.3 grams for the four seasons, and the consumption during farming season was higher than other seasons. It is apparent that the diet of the Korean farmers should be supplemented by calcium during autumn and winter. The highest calcium intake, with a mean of 583.5 milligrams, was recorded in summer. The mean intake of iron ranged from a low of 9.2 milligrams in the autumn to a high of 15.0 milligrams in the spring and it was satisfactory for all seasons. Among the vitamin group, the daily average intakes of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid were lower than the desired intake throughout all the seasons. The mean vitamin A intake as ${\beta}-carotene$ ranged from a low of 2,807.8 IU to a high of 5,221.0 IU. The thiamine intake ranged from 0.98 milligrams to 1.19 milligrams, while mean riboflavin intake ranged from 0.92 milligrams to 1.13 milligrams. Ascorbic acid intake was 37.3 milligrams, the lowest, and the highest 47.8 milligrams. Niacin intake among Korean farmers was higher than the recommended allowance throughout all the seasons, and the mean intake ranged from 18.3 milligrams to 25.8 milligrams. The main character of the Korean farmers' diet has been found low in quality of protein and high in carbohydrate. Attention should be paid to the low intake of vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid among Korean farmers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.952-962
• /
• 2005

To explore the relationship between economic status and food and nutrient intake patterns, the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey result was analyzed. Dietary intake data of 6,978 Korean adults of 20 years and older who participated in the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were used along with their demographic data. Economic status of the subjects was classified into the following 4 groups based on the self-reported average monthly income of household with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE) in 2001 : low < $100\%$ MLE $\leq$ middle < $200\%$ MLE $\leq$ high < $300\%$ MLE $\leq$ higher, Individuals in the higher income class had significantly higher mean intake for most of the nutrients including energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C, and a higher percentage of energy intake from fat. In addition, they consumed more animal foods including meats, eggs, fish/shellfish, milk/dairy products and fats. On the other hand, the mean intakes of individuals in the lower economic class for calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavin were lower than $75\%$ of RDAs. And, there was a predominant difference in contribution of fat to total energy intake among the groups of different economic status. These results showed that household income is an important factor influencing the food and nutrient intake patterns of the Korean adult population. Although individuals at different age classes may respond differently to a change in economic status, developing and implementing nutrition policy and intervention programs for those nutritionally vulnerable groups should consider the economic status as an important factor to customize and differentiate the content of the Program. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $952\∼962$, 2005)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.10
• /
• pp.1394-1398
• /
• 2006

Functionalities of drum-dried fish muscle protein from pH shifting process have been investigated by determining solubility, emulsion activity, rehydration, fat-adsorption capacity, viscosity, and color. Solubility was higher in recovered protein at pH 7.0 than that at pH 5.5, and not dependent on ionic strength. Solubility of the dried protein recovered at pH 7.0 depended on pH of solvent, and lowest in the range of pH 3 to pH 6. The dried protein showed relatively low emulsion capacity in all the samples. Emulsion stability, foam capacity and foam stability were not observed in the samples. Viscosity was in the range of $50,200\sim39,000cP$. Rehydration and fat-binding capacities were $2.63\sim2.89g$-water/g and $2.13\sim2.17g$-oil/g, respectively, and not dependent on particle size and pH. Drum-dried fish muscle protein has a potential application as an ingredient of meat patty products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.8
• /
• pp.1177-1191
• /
• 2016

Estimation of food consumption details, such as portion size and frequency of consumption, is needed for exposure assessment step in microbiological risk assessment. This study investigated the amounts and frequencies of 50 kinds of consumed livestock products. A quantitative survey was performed by trained interviewers in face-to-face interviews with 1,500 adults aged over 19, who were randomly selected from seven major provinces in Korea. Respondents received a picture of one serving size for each of the 50 livestock products, including meats, processed meat products, milk and dairy products, and eggs and processed egg products. A t-test and general linear model were carried out using SPSS statistics. The most important factor affecting consumption of livestock products was residence area. The most frequently consumed food was milk (2.6 times/week), followed by pork (1.4 times/week), liquid yogurt (1.3 times/week), rolled omelet (1.2 times/week), semisolid yogurt (1.0 times/week), steamed egg (1.0 times/week), ice cream (0.9 times/week), chicken (0.8 times/week), low fat milk (0.7 times/week), and beef (0.6 times/week). In the case of consumption amount, people living in a city consumed meat (beef, pork, chicken, and duck) 1.5 times more than those living in a village, whereas milk and dairy products and eggs and processed egg products were consumed more frequently by people living in a town. When people eat meat, they consume twice the amount of one serving size. Students consumed livestock and processed livestock products more frequently with greater portions all at once. People living in Seoul, Incheon/Gyeonggi, and Busan/Ulsan/Gyeongnam consumed livestock products more frequently in large amounts. Data from this study can be used for risk assessment of livestock and processed livestock products as well as education for safe consumption of livestock products.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 2017

The market for lactose-hydrolyzed milk is growing due to an increased awareness of lactose intolerance, and increased market interest for modified milk with health claims. The aim of this study was to compare the quality characteristics of 2% lactose-hydrolyzed milk with its lactose hydrolysis rate, with the goal of applying the method to dairy product monitoring in the future. We observed that the freezing point of milk significantly decreased with increasing lactose hydrolysis rate. A linear relationship was found between lactose concentration and freezing point, following the equation (y=-50.416x + 767.91). However, no significant changes were observed in other physicochemical properties of the milk (pH, titratable acidity, total solids and color) (p<0.05). In conclusion, we could predict the residual lactose content quickly and easily in 2% low fat milk by measuring its freezing point. This could represent an easy means for assessing the lactose hydrolysis rate of dairy products.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.81-93
• /
• 2022

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the experience and perception among adult women regarding weight control and the consumption of weight-control foods or health functional foods based on their body mass index (BMI). Methods: The subjects were 634 adult women from the Chungcheong province, Korea, and data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire from July 2021 through September 2021. The subjects were divided into four groups based on their BMI status: underweight (< 18.5 kg/m², 7.6%), normal weight (18.5 ~ 22.9 kg/m², 53.3%), overweight (23 ~ 24.9 kg/m², 19.7%), and obese (≥ 25 kg/m², 19.4%). Results: Over the past 3 years, almost two-thirds (68.6%) of the adult women had tried weight control measures, despite the fact that a significant proportion of them were normal or underweight. More importantly, 57.6% of subjects reported the consumption of weight-control foods, with a lower proportion in the underweight (35.4%) group compared to the normal (56.2%), overweight (62.4%), and obese (65.0%) groups. The food items used for weight control were mostly salads, chicken breasts, low fat (soy) milk, slimming tea, protein shakes, low-calorie cereals, and energy/protein bars among others. In addition, one-third (31.1%) of the subjects reported the use of health functional foods containing ingredients for fat reduction. A significantly higher proportion of these was from the overweight (36.0%) and obese (38.2%) groups compared to the underweight (20.8%) and normal weight (28.1%) groups. Products containing Garcinia cambogia extract, green tea, or Cissus extract, were popular among users. Subjects who were obese had a poorer perception of their health and body. Most subjects felt the need for correct information regarding weight control, but this number was significantly more in the higher BMI groups. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the use of weight-control foods or health functional foods is popular among adult women, especially those who are obese. Thus, nutrition education courses covering facts about weight control and practice need to be developed and provided based on the BMI status of subjects.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.338-350
• /
• 2015

Objectives: This study developed two weeks menu using temple foods, assessed preference for the menu among ordinary people, and determined the possibility of using temple foods to make out institutional food service menu. Methods: To make out the menu, 153 typical types of temple food were selected, under several conditions, thus including balanced food groups, natural foods in season, preparation time, preparation methods, and foods appropriated for institutional foodservice. Results: Developed menu contained 1905.8 kcal, had low fat content, high dietary fiber, vitamin, and mineral content, and good protein content in the nutritional respect, and fit protein requirements with low calorie content and high nutritional value. In the assessment of the food preference for 73 temple food items, most of the foods scored high (4 out of 5 points) for preference in general; therefore, the menu tended to be satisfied to the adults' preference. In particular, boiled rice (rice with chwi, rice with cirsium, rice with mushroom, rice with mushroom & vegetable and gimbap with tofu) and fried foods (fried shiitake with sweet & sour sauce and fried kelp) were highly preferred. Conclusions: The menu using temple foods can be a healthy choice for adults if it is well planned and managed. This study may be expected to provide basic data that would help developing menu to popularize temple foods. The above results could be applied at home as well as at foodservice institutes and furthermore could offer information for developing temple food products.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.10
• /
• pp.4161-4168
• /
• 2015

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide health problem, being the third most commonly detected cancer in males and the second in females. Rising CRC incidence trends are mainly regarded as a part of the rapid 'Westernization' of life-style and are associated with calorically excessive high-fat/low-fibre diet, consumption of refined products, lack of physical activity, and obesity. Most recent epidemiological and clinical investigations have consistently evidenced a significant relationship between obesity-driven inflammation in particular steps of colorectal cancer development, including initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis. Inflammation in obesity occurs by several mechanisms. Roles of imbalanced metabolism (MetS), distinct immune cells, cytokines, and other immune mediators have been suggested in the inflammatory processes. Critical mechanisms are accounted to proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$). These molecules are secreted by macrophages and are considered as major agents in the transition between acute and chronic inflammation and inflammation-related CRC. The second factor promoting the CRC development in obese individuals is altered adipokine concentrations (leptin and adiponectin). The role of leptin and adiponectin in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis is attributable to the activation of several signal transduction pathways (JAK/STAT, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), mTOR, and 5'AMPK signaling pathways) and multiple dysregulation (COX-2 downregulation, mRNA expression).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.7
• /
• pp.1060-1068
• /
• 2009

The buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is an important contributor to milk, meat, power, fuel and leather production in many developing countries. Buffaloes can be categorized into Asian and Mediterranean buffaloes. Asian buffalo includes two subspecies known as Riverine and Swamp types. Riverine (water buffalo) and Swamp buffaloes possess different genetics (50 vs. 48 chromosomes, respectively), morphology (body frame, body weight, horn shape and skin color) and behavior (wallowing in mud or water) and thus, are reared and used for different purposes. Low per head milk yield, poor reproductive performance (seasonal breeding behavior, anestrous, and longer calving interval) and low growth rate in buffaloes have been attributed to insufficient supply of nutrients. In many parts of Asia, where the buffalo is an integral part of the food chain and rural economy, irregular and inadequate availability of quality feedstuffs and their utilization are hampering the performance of this unique animal. Balanced nutrition and better management can enhance buffalo productivity. Many efforts have been made in the last few decades to improve nutrient supply and utilization in buffaloes. Recent research on locally available feed resources such as crop residues, and industrial by-products, dietary addition of micronutrients, use of performance modifiers and use of ruminally protected fat and protein sources have shown significant potential to improve growth, milk yield and reproductive performance of buffaloes. However, a number of issues, including establishment of nutrient requirements for dairy and beef, development of buffalo calf feeding systems, nutritional management of metabolic and reproductive anomalies, and understanding and exploitation of the buffalo gut ecosystem, need to be addressed. Extensive coordinated research and extension efforts are required for improved buffalo nutrition in developing countries.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.329-338
• /
• 2013

This study is conducted to compare the problems affecting dietary habits and health status between a long-term exercise group and non-exercise group of males older than 50 years. Most subjects of the two groups consider regular exercise to be the most important factor for maintaining health, and recognize hypertension as the number one concern. The most common nutritional supplement among subjects is multiple vitamins, and sleeping time range from 6~8 hours. Breakfast fasting rate was 15.9% among non-exercise group (NEG), where overeating and eating out rates were higher among exercise group (EG) when comparing to NEG. Fasting rates of breakfast, and consumption rates of milk and dairy products, vegetables such as kimchi, and fruits and fruit juices are higher among the EG. Overeating and eating out rates are lower among NEG, whereas eating rates of proteins like meat, fish, eggs, beans, fried foods, high-fat meats carbonated drinks, ice cream, and salt intakes are higher. Rates of health, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes are higher among EG. Energy intakes among the two groups were below the standard level, Vitamin $B_2$ intake is low in EG, and folic acid and calcium intakes were higher in NEG. The exercising group care more about health, eating habits and nutrient intakes, and low smoking rates are being observed. Thus, specific dietary improvement programs for adult men, are required, and it is necessary to consider the practice of nutrition education.