• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.95-105
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• 2001

The present study was designed to compare morphological and structural relationships between basicranial measurements such as MCF angulation (Ar-SE-ptm), saddle angle (N-S-Ba, N-S-Ar) and facial structures including types of malocclusion. Twenty six children with Class III whose longitudinal headfilms were available from 7 to 12-year-old, and also 26 cross-sectional headfilms at each ages of 8, 9, 10 and 11 with Class I were selected for the investigation. Cephalometric measurements such as Ar-SE-ptm, N-S-Ba, N-S-Ar, N-SE-Ar, SNA, SNB, N-S/PM vert, CP/PM vert, $\underline{1}/FH$ plane, and $N-perp/\underline{1}$ were measured. Morphologic relationships and pattern of changes in facial structures in relation to the changes of MCF and saddle angle in both malocclusion types were analysed statistically employing ANOVA, t-test and Pearson correlation. Results suggest that the MCF rather than the saddle angle in children with Class I and III is more closely related with various facial structures and with their changes. It may be, therefore, suggested that the MCF be one of the biologically meaningful measurements in determining structural relationships between cranial base and facial complex including types of malocclusion. In addition, the MCF and its correlated facial structures in children with Class III, interestingly, showed somewhat marked changes between the ages of 9 and 11.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.297-304
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a 3-Dimensional laser scanner for the space analysis after loss of a primary first molar. Six children with premature loss of a primary first molar were examined using study models taken before and after the extraction. The results were as follows: 1. There was no change in primary molar space after the extraction of a maxillary primary first molar However, 2 out of 3 children experienced primary molar space loss in extraction side of a mandibular primary first molar. 2. Arch width and arch perimeter showed no difference between initial and final model. 3. All primary canines did not show any changes in inclination. Maxillary primary second molars had similar changes in both extraction and control side. However, 2 out of 3 mandibular primary second molars in extraction side showed more lingual tipping compared to control side. Mandibular permanent first molars tipped more lingually in extraction side. 4. In angulation, primary canines showed nothing of significance. Mandibular primary second molars tipped more mesially in extraction side than in control side. Maxillary permanent first molars have increased distal angulation after extraction of primary first molars in both side.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.846-856
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• 2005

Purpose : To measure the peak myocardial tissue velocities and patterns of longitudinal motion of atrioventricular(AV) annuli and assess body weight and heart rates-related changes in normal children. Methods : Using pulsed wave Tissue Doppler Imaging(TDI), we measured peak systolic, early and late diastolic myocardial velocities in 72 normal children at six different sites in apical-4 chamber (A4C) view and at four different sites in apical-2 chamber(A2C) view and compared those values with each other, also observing effects with body weights and heart rates. Longitudinal motions of the AV annuli were measured at three different sites in A4C. Results : There were no significant differences of the TDI parameters between gender, ECHO-machines and among the three Doctors performing TDI. Peak myocardial velocities were significantly higher at the base of the heart than in the mid-ventricular region and in the right lateral ventricular wall than in the left lateral ventricular wall or IVS. The TDI parameters showed no significant correlation with fractional shortening(%). Peak systolic and early diastolic myocardial velocities had no correlation with heart rates, but peak late diastolic velocities and A/E ratio correlated positively with heart rates. Correlations between the TDI parameters and body weight were inconsistent. Absolute longitudinal displacement and % displacement were not differ between gender and not correlated with the TDI parameters. Conclusion : We measured the peak myocardial velocities with TDI and the longitudinal motion of the AV annuli using M-mode echocardiography in normal children. With more large scale evaluation, we may establish reference values in normal children and broaden clinical applicabilities in congenital and acquired heart diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.206-218
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• 1991

The influence of stage of lactation on the moisture. total soilds, ash, calcium, phosphorus and Ca/P ratio of human milk was studied. A total number of 32 lactating mothers provided 101 samples collected at 4 consecutive stages of lactation : days o to 5 postpartum(colostrum); days 6 to 10 postpartum(transitional): days 25-35 postpartum(mature). and days 55-70 postpartum(mature). Moisture and total solids concentrations showed a little but significant difference at the 25-35 day stage as compared with those of colostrum and then remained stable, but ash levels decreased significantly with the elapse of lactation period. Calcium levels increased significantly from colostrum to transitional milk stage with a further less significant increase at mature stages. Between colostrum and transitional stages, phosphorus concentration showed a significant increase $(9.9\pm2.4$ vs $15.5\pm4.9$ mg/100 ml, p<0.001)but between the 25-35 day and the 55-70 day stage phosphorus values did not change significantly. Ca/P ratios for colostrum. transitional, the 25-35 day and the 55-70 day stages were 2.28, 1.76, 1.68 and 1.95, respectively. No significant relationship was found between ash. calcium, phosphorus or Ca/P ratio of milk and maternal parity. When modified milk formulas were reconstituted using the total solids of human mature milk as amount of the modified milk formula in 100 ml of infant feeding solution. ash, and Ca/P ratio were similar to those of human milk. However considerably higher concentrations of calcium and phosphorus exist in the reconstitution fluid than those observed in human milk.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.256-266
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• 2014

Purpose : This study was to explore the long-term effects of breast cancer prevention volunteering on self-efficacy, depression, and posttraumatic growth among survivors with breast cancer. Methods: This pilot study utilized a longitudinal design. Participants were 14 women with breast cancer who participated in the breast cancer prevention educational program The data were collated between February and August in 2013. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure the self-efficacy for self-management of breast cancer, depression, and posttraumatic growth at pre-education(T0), 1 month(T1), 3 months(T2), and 6 months(T1) post-education. A generalized estimating equation regression model was used to identify the effects. Results: The scores of self-efficacy increased significantly at T1(${\chi}^2$=5.56, p=.0l8) and D(${\chi}^2$=4.56, p=.033) compared with T0. Depression and posttraumatic growth remained stable with fairly good levels throughout the 6-month period. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that breast cancer prevention volunteering in survivors with breast cancer can be effective for enhancing their self-efficacy and maintaining psychological well-bang. Also the study showed that such volunteering activity could be a useful program not only for the general public but also for breast cancer survivors.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.373-387
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth pattern of nasopharyx and adenoid and to obtain useful measurements for evaluating the fuction of the nasal breathing. The biennial serial cephalometric radiographs of 33 samples(19 male, 14 female) with normal occlusion from 8.5 years to 18.5 years of age were used in this study. The distances, areas and ratios on nasopharynx and adenoid were measured and analyzed in each age and sex. The results of this study might be summarized as follows ; 1. The mean value and standard deviation of each measurement was obtained in each age and sex. 2. The nasopharyngeal height and the nasopharyngeal depth increased significantly by 14.5 years of age in male and 12.5 years of age in female(p<0,05), 3. The relative nasal airway area showed the minimal value at 8.5 years of age and showed significant increase from 10.5 years to 12.5 years of age in male and from 12.5 years to 14,5 years of age in female(p<0.05). 4. In the correlation analysis between the measurements on the nasal airway and the measurement of relative nasal airway area, the measurements of Ad2-PNS, Ad2-PNS/Ho'-PNS and Upper pharynx appeared singnificant correlation with the measurement of relative nasal airway area(p<0.01).

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.518-524
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• 2004

The feasibility of Y(z) curve method of scanning acoustic microscope using high frequency transducer was experimentally studied for assessment of the thermal degradation in Co-based superalloy. Thermal degradation was performed to simulate the microstructural changes in Co-based superalloy arising from long term exposure at high temperature. Longitudinal wave velocity measured by pulse echo method using 10MHz transducer and leaky surface acoustic wave (LSAW) velocity measured by V(z) curve method using 200MHE transducer were measured to investigate the effect on thermal degradation. Ultrasonic velocity decreased as the aging time increased in both ultrasonic waves. Moreover, the low frequency longitudinal wave velocity decreased a little. Otherwise, the high frequency LSAW velocity drastically decreased up to a maximum of 4.7% at the aging time of 4,000hours. A good correlation was found between LSAW and Vickers hardness. Consequently, V(z) curve method of SAM using high frequency transducer could be a potential tool for assessing thermal degradation.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.137-159
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• 2015

This longitudinal study examined the influence of substandard housing conditions and housing affordability on physical and mental health. Using data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study, this study followed 8,583 adults who continued to participate in the survey from 2009 to 2013. Multivariate analyses involved linear and logistic regression models with the hybrid method that incorporates both fixed and random effects. Results show that substandard housing conditions and excess housing cost burden had significant adverse effects on adults' mental health (e.g., depressive symptoms). About one fourth of the entire sample and one third of those in poverty reported having lived in substandard housing conditions. Additionally, nearly one fourth of those in poverty reported having experienced excess housing cost burden, which is 4 times greater than that of the entire sample. Our findings show that a substantial proportion of individuals, particularly among the poor, have a difficulty in accessing to decent, affordable housing, and that housing assistance may have additional benefits of improving the mental health of individuals with housing issues.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.412-419
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to provide the reference data evaluating the treatment effect of orthopedic appliances. The skeletal and dental growth increments were measured in 24 normal mixed dentition children (boys: 14, girls: 10) by three serial lateral cephalograms: initial mean age: 9${\pm}$1.3 years, mean observation period: 13${\pm}$1.3 months. Cephalometric changes were analysed. The results were as follows: 1. In boys, the maxilla showed forward and downward growth pattern and the mandible showed forward growth pattern (p<0.05). In girls, the maxilla and mandible showed forward and downward growth pattern(p<0.05). 2. Horizontal growth of both maxilla and mandible in girls was superior to those in boys (A point; girls: 2.39mm, boys: 1.26mm, with p<0.05), whereas vertical growth of both maxilla and mandible in boys was similar to those in girls. 3. The change in tooth axis showed labioversion of upper incisor (p<0.01) and comparatively stable lower incisor position.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2015

Purpose: The current study was performed to estimate the changes in reading speed and blinking rate according to different background colors when reading paper book and further investigate their correlation. Methods: Twenty-nine adults (10 males, 19 females) who consented to the present study and had no ocular disease, ocular surgery history showing normal binocular vision were participated into the study. The subjects were asked to read the novels with black letter printed on white, red, green and blue background for 15 min, respectively. Then, the reading speed per page and blinking rate per page were measured during reading and analyzed according to background colors. Results: Reading speed per page according to the background color showed a tendency to accelerate in the white and green background as the reading time increased however, it was almost unchanged in the blue background and rather decelerated in the red background. On the other hand, the blinking rate per page tended to decrease in all background as the reading time was increased however, the smallest reduction was shown in the red background. There was a correlation that the reading speed increased as the blinking rate decreased in all backgrounds and the best correlation was shown in the green background. Conclusions: From the results, a correlation between the increasing reading speed and the reducing blinking rate while reading paper book with same demand on accommodation and convergence was confirmed however, the change in blinking rate and reading speed was varied depending on the main wavelength of light. It might mean that the working speed and visual fatigue can be varied depending on the difference of main wavelength when doing near work. Thus, it can be suggested that the adjustment of working environment and conditions should be made according to the kind of required perception.