• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.312-316
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• 2012

In order to understand the effect of hydrostatic pressure (HP) on Bacillus subtilis isolated from makgeolli, the survival of B. subtilis after HP treatment (400 MPa for 5 min) in various substrates including phosphate buffer, tryptone soya broth at pH 7 and 4, and makgeolli at pH 4 was evaluated depending on bacterial forms (spores and vegetative cells) and adaptation conditions ($25^{\circ}C$ for 3 h, or $10^{\circ}C$ for 24 h). Spores were generally resistant to HP (<1 log reduction) regardless of conditions. In contrast, vegetative cells were generally susceptible to HP (up to 3 log reduction-except makgeolli) and were more susceptible after 3 h at $25^{\circ}C$ compared to 24 h at $10^{\circ}C$. In vegetative cells inoculated makgeolli (7 log CFU/mL), the colonies were not detected after 24 h at $10^{\circ}C$. Consequently, B. subtilis in makgeolli easily existed as spores and the spores were resistant to HP. Results demonstrate that HP was more promising in the inactivation of vegetative cells.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-195
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• 2008

The rapid growth of mobile communication technology has provided the expansion of mobile internet services, particularly mobile realtime transaction takes much weight among mobile fields. There is an increasing demand for various mobile applications to process transactions in a mobile computing fields. Thus, During transmission in wireless networks a base station failure inevitably causes data loss of the base station buffer. It is required to compensate the loss for communication. The existing methods for a base station failure are not adequate because they all suffer from too much overhead and resolve only the link failure. In this paper, we study an efficient recovry systems for a mobile DBMS. We propose SLL (Segment Log List) that enables the mobile host to compensate data loss efficiently in the case of base station failure. In SLL, a base station deliveries an output information of data cells to a mobile host. when a base station fails, the mobile host can retransmit just next data cells. We also prove the efficiency of new method.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1985-1988
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• 2006

The polymeric membrane electrodes based on urea derivative as an ionophore were prepared and studied for the iodide-ion selective electrode. This membrane exhibits a linear stable response over a wide concentration range ($1.0\;{\times}\;10^{-5}\sim1.0\;{\times}\;10^{-2}$) with a slope of -57.7 mV/decade, a detection limit of log[$I^-$] = -5.63, and a selectivity coefficient for iodide against perchlorate anion (log$K^{pot}_{I^-,j}$ = -1.42). The selectivity series of the membrane gives the follow as $I^-$ > $SCN^-$, $Sal^-$ > $ClO_4^-$ > $NO_3^-$ > $Br^-$ > $NO_2^-$ > $Cl^-$ > $F^-$. The proposed electrode showed good selectivity and response for iodide anion over a wide variety of other anions in pH 5.0 buffer solutions.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.405-412
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• 2008

Six ester analogues of Ketorolac were synthesized as potential enhancer prodrugs for transdermal delivery. Solubility of these esters was determined in 10% propylene glycol (PG)/isotonic phosphate buffer (IPB) at room temperature while lipophilicity was obtained as partition coefficients (log P) and capacity factors (k') using HPLC. Stability of the prodrugs in skin extract and in plasma was investigated at $37^{\circ}C$. The lipophilicity of the potential prodrugs increased in proportion to their alkyl chain length. Good linear relationship between partition coefficients (log P) and capacity factors (log k') was observed ($R^2=0.9961$). All of the analogues were fairly stable but slowly degraded in IPB over a 12 hour period. However, their stability in skin extract and in plasma varied with most compounds gradually decomposing over a 12 hour period. Although unsaturation of the alkyl ester chain did not alter the over all lipophilicity of the compound, the half-life was significantly affected. In plasma, degradation of the esters was slower than in the skin extract, which is a desirable trait for enhancer-prodrugs. However, the overall hydrolysis in the skin extract needs to be facilitated for the development of an effective enhancer prodrug. The analogue with the shortest half life in the skin extract was the unsaturated C-12 analogue of 0.96 hr.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2004

The purpose of the present study was designed to evaluate the bioequivalence of two oxiracetam tablets, Neuromed tablet (Korea Drug Co., reference drug) and Neuracetam tablet (Sam Jin Pharmaceutical Co., test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Release of oxiracetam from the tablet in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty-four healthy volunteers, $23.7\;{\pm}\;2.4$ year in age and $68.9\;{\pm}\;6.2$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was performed. After oral administration of a tablet containing 800 mg of oxiracetam, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and concentrations of oxiracetam in plasma were determined using HPLC-MS-MS. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were very similar at all dissolution media. In addition, pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug were 0.42%, 0.45% and -12.58% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals for the log transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $log0.94{\sim}log1.06$ and $log0.90{\sim}log1.07$ for $AUC_t$, and $C_{max}$, respectively), indicating that Neuracetam tablet is bioequivalent to Neuromed tablet. The major pharmacokinetic parameters, $AUC_t$, and $C_{max}$ met the criteria set by KFDA for bioequivalence indicating that Neuracetam tablet is bioequivalent to Neuromed tablet.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.193-197
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• 2003

Psychrotrophic characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes YM-7 showed similar growth at $8^{\circ}C$ as L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313. But it showed different growth pattern at $4^{\circ}C.$ Thus the isolated strain from the Patient can not grow at $4^{\circ}C,$ while L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313 grow slowly. Number of the injured cells of L. monocytogenes YM-7 was higher at $-3^{\circ}C$ than at $-18^{\circ}C$ in phosphate buffer solution. The rate of the injured cell was higher in the TSB (tryptic soy broth) medium than in phosphate buffer solution at $-3^{\circ}C$ and $-18^{\circ}C.$ When L. monocytogenes YM-7 stored at $-18^{\circ}C$ in homogenized fish muscle, the cell numbers decreased by 2-3 log cycles in 12 weeks.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.422-429
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• 1989

Auxotrophic mutant were isolated from wild types by the treatment with NTG as a mutagen, and the conditions of protoplast formation for them were established. The protoplasts of killer yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae K52 were formed to the level of above 70% when cells grown for 20 hr in PM medium were treated with 200 unit/ml Lyticase 50,000 at $30^{\circ}C$ for 60 min after pretreatment of 50 mM 2-mercaptoethanol in 10mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing EDTA and 0.6 M sorbitol for 15 min. Also, the protoplast of the recipient S. cerevisiae S 29 were formed to the level of above 85% as it was cultured to the log phase of 24 hr in PM medium under the same conditions. The fusion frequency between the protoplast of killer yeast S. cerevisiae K 52 and the protoplast of recipient S. cerevisiae S 29 was reached to $8.2\times 10^{-6}$ when the hypertonic regeneration medium embeded with the fused protoplasts after mixing the parental protoplasts to 10$^{8}$ cells/ml in SP buffer containing 20 mM $CaCl_{2}$ and 30% PEG 6,000 for 15 min at $30^{\circ}C$ were incubated.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1997

Vibrio mimicus is a closely related species with V. cholerae, and has been reported to be associated with gastrointestinal infections. Although extraintestinal infections of these vibrios have also been reported in Japan and Southeast Asia. But little research papers on V. mimicus was reported in Korea. Therefore, we tried to isolate V. mimicus from the environmental sea water from April to July in Pusan, Korea. Among the isolated strains, we selected the strongest hemolytic strain and then named V. mimicus SM-9. In this paper, we checked the antibiotic susceptibility and psychrotrophic characteristics of the isolated strain. Hemolytic activity of the hemolysin produced by the isolated strain was also measured. V. mimicus was not detected from the sea water samples in April and May, but its detection rate was relatively high in June and July in Pusan, Korea. The bacteriological characteristics of V. mimicus SM-9 were Gram-negative rods, motile, oxidase positive, Voges-Proskauer negative and sucrose negative. In 23 kinds of antibiotics susceptibility test, V. mimicus SM-9 showed susceptibility to the most of antibiotics submitted while it was resistive against lincomycin, oxacillin, rifampin and vancomycin. Hemolytic activity of the hemolysin produced by V. mimicus SM-9 was highest in stationary phase of the growth curve in BHI broth at 37$^{\circ}C$ and its activity was reached 18 HU per $m\ell$ of culture supernatant. For checking the psychrotrophic property of V. mimicus SM-9, the decreasing rate of the strain in phosphate buffer solution and yellowtail flesh homogenate was examined during the storage at 4, 0, -4 and -2$0^{\circ}C$. The decreasing rates of the selected strain stored in phosphate buffer solution were greater than those in fish homogenate. Decreasing rates of V. mimicus SM-9 stored in phosphate buffer solution were not significantly different by the storage temperatures. The viable cell counts of the strain were decreased as 5 log cycles after 120 hours at all the tested temperatures. While decreasing numbers of the strain in fish homogenates were 2*4 log cycles after 120 hours. The decreasing pattern of the strain numbers were very slow after 200 hours at all the stored temperatures.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 2003

Erdosteine, the thiol derivatives chemically related to cysteine, is a mucolytic and mucoregulator agent which modulates mucus production and viscosity and increases mucociliary transport. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two erdosteine capsules, Erdos (Dae Woong Pharmaceutical Co., Korea) and Erblon (Kuhn Il Pharmaceutical Co., Korea), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The erdosteine release from the two erdosteine capsules in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty four healthy male subjects, $23.33{\pm}2.06$ years in age and $66.18{\pm}8.19\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After three capsules containing 300 mg as erdosteine were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentations of erdosteine in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the Erdos were 0.20%, 1.10% and -9.44% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) $(e.g.,\;log(0.94){\sim}log(1.22)\;and\;log(0.92){\sim}log(1.20)\;for\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max},\;respectively$. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating Erblon capsule and Erdos capsule are bioequivalent.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cefaclor capsules, Ceclor (Lilly Korea Co., Ltd.) and Kyongbocefaclor (Kyongbo Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of cefaclor from the two cefaclor formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty four healthy male subjects, $22.96{\pm}1.52$ years in age and $67.03{\pm}7.90$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ crossover study was employed. After one capsule containing 250 mg of cefaclor was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of cefaclor in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, Ceclor, were -1.90%, 2.68% and -7.60% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 $(e.g.,\;log0.91{\sim}log\;1.06\;and\;log0.92{\sim}log\;1.18\;for\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Kyongbocefaclor capsule was bioequivalent to Ceclor capsule.