• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2008

One of purposes of installing signals at intersections is to protect traffic conflicts and accidents from occurring by means of arranging the right-of-way of travel more clearly. On the other hand, the installation of signals, and especially their location, can also have negative effects on safety. Therefore, the location of signals is of great importance. To secure a high safety level for urban signalized intersection, efforts are required to introduce a comprehensive recommendation or guideline for safety aspects of signal installation that takes local conditions into account. In this context, this reports on a study that analyzed the influence of signal location on the behavior of drivers who approach a signalized intersection in urban area. As a result, the study found out that the traffic signal location strongly affects the braking point of the Dilemma Zone(DZ), and the braking point of the DZ based on driving speed. Also, in terms of design layout, it has been illustrated that there is a close relation between signal location and road safety, especially DZ safety. Finally, this paper proposes a practical recommendation for signal installation related to how to locate the signal in practice for the sake of securing the safety level of signalized intersection.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.57-67
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• 2008

Loading zone is necessary to central business district(CBD) due to freight trucks coming into inner city. Currently truck drivers in metropolitan area are forced to illegally park their freight trucks on the roads close to the business facilities because there is no or few loading zones available in the CBD. This situation would bring into traffic congestion and even might block local roads in the CBD. This study reviews the existing improvement plans in city logistics, and examines delivery characteristics related to freight trucks and drivers in Seomyeon, the central downtown of Busan. Also it conducts a location planning for on-street loading/unloading bay using a technical method for arranging loading space. This research estimated the number of parking and stop bays for truck's operation using queueing theory based on truck-service rate and arrival rate, and found locations with the minimum resistance function values for freight movement in arranging on-street loading/unloading bays.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.11 s.158
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• pp.1519-1530
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• 2006

This study has surveyed and analyzed in 2005 S/S domestic men's street fashion by using the Web-SFAS system that was developed and completed in the earlier research. Total of 270 men who were sensitive to fashion were surveyed around 5 nationwide cities and 9 commercial zones. The analysis results of the questionnaire and image survey in 2005 S/S for each commercial zone was shown as follows. 1. The most interest in producing fashionable shape when they go out was in the order of clothes>hair style>shoes and it was found that the proper reason for visiting the commercial zone was to meet with friends>watching movies>shopping etc. 2. T-shirts were most preferred as upper garments and as for bottoms, blue jeans were preferred. Black, gray, and white colors were most preferred and blue color was most preferred primarily due to the preference for blue jeans. The color image was proven mainly modem and light tone, comfortable and casual items were preferred. An active comfort casual image emphasized with activeness by coordinating comfortable T-shirts or shirts with blue jeans were most preferred in 9 areas. 3. A clear difference was confirmed in color by commercial area. Blackish color was most prevalent in Daehakro whereas simple color was mostly shown around Hongik University area. Bright and unique colors such as green and violate were dominant at Dae-Gu Dongseongro, and basic colors such as white and black were preferred in Masan Hapseong-dong and Changwon Sangnam-dong. Through the results of nationwide street fashion survey, the each commercial zone has unique characteristics in fashion trend even in the same city, rather than the regional difference in Seoul and local city.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2009

The species composition and seasonal patterns in marine benthic algal community at intertidal zone in Jinhae Bay were investigated seasonally throughout 2007. A total of 45 species, 6 Chlorophyta, 10 Phaeophyta, and 29 Rhodophyta, were recorded, and dominant species were Ulva pertusa, U. conglobata, Sargassum horneri, Gelidium divaricatum, Gracilaria textorii, and Polysiphonia morrowii during study periods. The number of species were differed with seasons and stations; Higher number of algal species was 42 species in winter, whereas 33 species was lower in summer. The number of algal species were higher at station 1,7,8, while the lower value was at station 2, 3 than other stations. The differences of marine benthic algal composition at each station in MDS ordination due to the physical characteristics and local topography.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.183-204
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• 2001

This study is intended for the development of urgent facing strategies for the designation of a CFZ(Customs Free Zone) in Incheon city. First, it analyzes the current status of the Incheon CFZ. Next, it suggests several strategies for successfully growing the CFZ of Incheon City. Finally, it develops and proposes a method for establishing an integrated management system for the effective management of the CFZ. The key findings of this study are as follows: First, the CFZ should provide state-of-the-art movement of port logistics, create new added value caused by the movement of logistics, and provide other public support. The Incheon CFZ should be developed in three stages: an inducement stage in 2002-2005, a growth stage in 2005-2008, and an implementation stage in 2008-2011. Second, The parties responsible for the management of the CFZ would be as follows: for the port area, the Ministry of Maritime and Fisheries; for the back space of CFZ, Incheon City; and for port management, port management companies. However, a committee for CFZ management is strongly suggested for the improved efficiency and effectiveness of CFZ management. Furthermore, additional regulations ensuring the role of local government will likely be necessary for the sucessful designation and sustainable management of the CFZ. Third, For the creation of additional revenue, reformation of the current laws of the CFZ are recommended in the area of business administration. Fourth, A strategic marketing plan that supports the successful management of the companies of the CFZ will be a key component in the success of the CFZ. Thus, the new marketing plan should be developed in the near future based on case studies of other CFZs. Fifth A method for an integrated CFZ management system was developed and suggested for the comprehensive and transparent management of port logistics.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.4-17
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• 1984

Overlaid weld metals of austenitic stainless steel in a pressure vessel of power reactor are usually post-weld heated for a long period of time after welding. The PWHT is considered as a kind of sensitizing and it is important to check the soundness of the weld metal after PWHT, especially about the precipitation of carbides. The purpose of this report is to obtain information on the relation between the change of microstructure and Post-Weld Heat Treatment in the overlaid weld metals. Metallurgical aspects of the problem on austenitic stainless steel heated at $625^{\circ}C$, $670^{\circ}C$, $720^{\circ}C$ and $760^{\circ}C$ for 3, 10, 30, 100 and 300 hours have been investigated by means of optical-micrography, micro-hardness measurement, scanning electron microscope and electron-probe micro analysis. From the results obtained, the following conclusions are drawn; 1) The PWHT above $625^{\circ}C$ for a long time causes a diffusion of carbon atoms from low alloy steel into stainless steel, and consequently carbon is highly concentrated at the boundary layer of stainless steel. 2) C in ferritic steel migrated to austenitic steel and carbides precipitated in austenitic steel along fusion line. At higher temperatures, the ferrite grains coarsened in the decarburized zone. 3) In the change of microstructure of stainless steel overlaid weld metal, the width of carbides precipitated zone and decarburized zone increased with increase of PWHT temperature and time. 4) At about $625^{\circ}C$ to $760^{\circ}C$, chromium carbides, mainly $M_{23} C_6$, precipitate very closely in the carburized layer with remarkable hardening. 5) Precipitation of delta ferrite from molten weld metal depends on solidification phenomenon. There was a small of ferrite near the bond in which the local solidification time was short, comparing with after parts of weld metal. Shape and amount of ferrite were not changed by Post-Weld Heat Treatment after solidification.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.397-408
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• 2004

Due to the growing impact of non-point source pollution and limitation of water treatment technology, a new policy of water quality management, called a source protection, is now becoming more important in drinking water supply. The source protection means that the public agency purchases the pollution sensitive area, such as riparian zone, and prohibit locations of point and non-point sources. Many studies have reported that this new policy is more economical in drinking water supply than the conventional one. However, it is very difficult to determine location and size of the pollution sensitive zone in the watershed. In this paper, we presented the scientific criteria for the priority of the pollution sensitive zone, along with a case study of the upstream watershed of the Paldang Reservoir, Han River. This study includes applications of the analytical hierarchy process(AHP) and a watershed-based land prioritization(WLP) model. After major criteria affecting water quality were selected, the AHP and geographic analysis were performed. The WLP model allowed us to include both quantity and quality criteria, using AHP as the multi-criteria method in making decision and reflecting local characteristics and various needs. By adding a travel-time function, which represents the prototype effectively, the results secured adaptability and scientific objectivity as well. As such, the WLP model appeared to provide reasonable criteria in determining the prioritization of land acquisition. If the tested data are used with a validated travel-time and AHP method is applied after further discussion among experts in such field, highly reliable results can be obtained.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2003

Objective of this research is to analyze drivers' behaviors at signalized intersection during yellow interval. For this, deceleration rate of stopping, PRT(Perception-Response Time), and the relationship between dilemma zone and deceleration rate of stopping were surveyed at two signalized intersections located at urban area(Songtan and Suwon) and local area(Yongin) As a result, the deceleration rate of stopping at signalized intersections and a range of dilemma zone were estimated. It was found that the deceleration rate of stopping and PRT were 1.6m/sec$^2$ and 1.27sec, respectively. These values are bigger than ITE's values which have been used in our country. Accordingly, it is considered that these values should be used as a new design criteria for the traffic signal control.

• Journal of Coastal Disaster Prevention
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• v.4 no.spc
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• pp.245-253
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• 2017

In this study, surface currents measured by small lagrangian GPS drifters (Aquadrifter) in Anmok coastal waters were analysed to account for the variability of nearshore surface current and wave-induced current to understand sediment transport mechanism near the crescentic bars in the surf-zone and near Kangneung breakwater and submerged breakwater in Anmok. The 8 times lagrangian drifter experiments were conducted mostly during in 2nd, 3rd, 4th intensive measurements in winter, summer, and spring seasons with long-term wave observation at the station W1. The analysed surface currents near the breakwaters in Anmok show that wave-induced currents at the middle of the submerged breakwater were separated and flowed toward the shoreline but offshore currents were dominant through the channels between the breakwaters. The longshore currents near the shoreline were flowed to the northwest (southeast) depending on the incoming waves from ENE (NNE). The surface nearshore offshore currents were generated mostly by waves and winds in case of high and low wave energy environments. Using the small-size lagrangian surface drifter experiments, we successfully measured longshore and offshore wave-induced currents in the surf-zone and near submerged breakwater close to Kangneung breakwater. The drifter experiment results show the availability of direct observation of nearshore surface currents to understand the mechanism of sediment transport analysing observed wave-induced current and ebb-current in the surf-zone generated by incoming waves and local winds.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.573-585
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• 2021

The banking sector is one of the most important sectors in Pakistan's struggling economy. Recent studies have recommended that suitable methods can be applied to predict bankruptcy. In this context, this work analyzes Pakistan's banking sector's financial status through the five-factor Altman Z-score model, which determines the probability of bankruptcy for an organization. Banking data has been collected through the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) in the period 2013-2017. The Z-score assessment criteria is defined as: Z> 2.99 - "safe" zone; Z> 1.8 Z>2.98- "grey" zone; and Z <1.8 - "distress" zone. Results show good predictions for the local banking industry, while most foreign Pakistani banks were found bankrupt with the Z-score below 1.1. One of the financial risks investors face when investing in any company is the risk of bankruptcy. One of the most used models for predicting financial distress for any company is Altman's Z-score model. On the other hand, the Z-score analysis suggests that all banking establishments are not bankrupt because they have sufficient ability to control bankruptcy. At the same time, foreign banks failed financially and would not be able to be sustained in the future because they do not have the ability to pay the short-term and long-term debt.