• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.640-655
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• 2018

Recently, the construction of the urban area has been rapidly increasing, and the excavation work of the ground has been frequently performed at the upper part of the existing underground structures. Especially, when the structure is constructed after the excavation of the ground, the loading and unloading process in the ground under the excavation basement can affect the existing underground structures. Therefore, in order to maintain the stability of the existing underground structure due to the excavation of the ground, it is necessary to accurately grasp the influence of the excavation and the structure load in the adjoining part. In this study, the effect of the excavation of the ground and the new structure load on the existing tunnel was experimentally implemented and the influence of the adjacent construction on the existing tunnel was investigated. For this purpose a large testing model with 1/5 scale of the actual size was manufactured. The influence of ground excavation, width of the load due to new structure, and distance between centers of tunnel and of excavation on the existing tunnel was investigated. In this study, it was confirmed that the influence on the existing tunnel gets larger, as the excavation depth get deeper. At the same distance, it was confirmed that the tunnel displacement increased up to three times according to the increase of the building load width. That is, the load width influences the existing tunnel larger than the excavation depth. As the impact of the distance between centers of tunnel and of excavation, it was confirmed that tunnel crown displacement decreased by 48%. The result showed that a tunnel is located in the range of 1D (D: tunnel diameter) from the center of excavation, the effect of excavation is the largest.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.9
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• pp.3835-3850
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• 2024

The high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) with spherical fuel elements contains complex pebble flow. The flow behavior of pebbles is influenced by various factors, such as pebble density, friction coefficient, wall structure, and discharge port size. Using a GPU-DEM numerical model, the effects of the friction coefficient on the cyclic loading and unloading of pebbles in the full-scale HTR-PM are studied. Numerical simulations with up to 420,000 spherical pebbles are conducted. Four sets of friction coefficient values are determined for comparative analysis based on experimental measurements. Discharging speed, residence time, stress, porosity, and velocity distribution are quantitatively analyzed. In addition, a comparison with the CT-PFD experiment is carried out to validate the numerical model. The results show that near-wall retention phenomena are observed in the reactor core only when using large friction coefficients. However, using friction coefficient values closer to the measured experimental values, the pebble bed in HTR-PM exhibited good flow characteristics. Furthermore, the friction coefficient also influences the porosity and velocity distribution of the pebble bed, with lower friction coefficients resulting in lower overall stress in the bed. The discharge outlet's influence varies with different friction coefficient values. In summary, this study demonstrates that the value of the friction coefficient has a complex influence on the pebble flow in HTR-PM, which provides important insights for future numerical and experimental studies in this field.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.4D
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• pp.323-330
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• 2010

The time in port for vessels is one of the important factors for analyzing the operation status and the capacity of ports. In addition, the time in port for vessels can be directly used for estimating the greenhouse gas emissions resulted from vessels in port. However, it is unclear which variables can affect the time in port for vessels and what the marginal effect of each variable is. With these challenges in mind, the study analyzes the time in port for vessels arriving and departing port of Busan by using a parametric survival model. The results show that the log-logistic accelerated failure time model is appropriate to explain the time in port for 19,167 vessels arriving and departing port of Busan in 2008, in which the time in port is significantly affected by gross tonnage of vessels, service capacity of terminal, and vessel type. This study also shows that the greenhouse gas emission resulted from full-container vessels, which accounted for about 61% of all vessels with loading/unloading purpose arriving and departing port of Busan in 2008, is about "17 ton/vessel" in the boundary of port of Busan. However, the hotelling greenhouse gas emissions resulted from non-container vessels (3,774 vessels; 20%) are greater than those from the full-container vessels. Hence, it is necessary to take into account more efficient port management polices and technologies to reduce the service time of non-container vessels in port of Busan.