• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2002

In patients with chronic liver disease, hepatopulmonary syndrome, the right to left shunt without previous pulmonary and cardiac disease, can develope and cause respiratory distress. Tools to prove shunt are contrast echocardiography, pulmonary angiography, and $^{99m}Tc-MAA$ perfusion lung scan. Among them, $^{99m}Tc-MAA$ scan is a simple and safe method detecting the right to left shunt. At the same time, quantitation of shunt amount is possible by this method. We report a case of hepatopulmonary syndrome confirmed by $^{99m}Tc-MAA$ scan and contrast echocardiography with review of literlatures.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.289-300
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• 1992

The counter-transport phenomena in the hepatic transport of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) were kinetically investigated by analyzing the plasma disappearance-time profiles and the transport into the isolated hepatocytes. In vivo "counter transport phenomena" were simulated based on the perfusion model which incorporated the carrier-mediated transport and the saturable intracellular binding. The condition that the mobility of carrier-ligand complex is greater than that of free carrier is not essential for the occurrence of counter-transport phenomenon. To examine the inhibitory effects on the initial uptake of a ligand by the liver, it is necessary to judge whether the true counter-transport mechanism (trans-stimulation) is working or not. The initial plasma disappearance curves of ANS were then kinetically analyzed based on a two-compartment model, in which the ligand is eliminated only from the peripheral compartment (liver compartment). No effects on the initial plasma disappearance rates of ANS were observed after preloading of bromophenol blue (BPB) or rose bengal (RB) in the liver. Inhibitory effect of BPB or RB on the initial uptake (or efflux) rates of ANS by the isolated hepatocytes were not observed, suggesting that the true counter transport mechanism is not working. In conclusion, checking the preloading effects of transstimulation on the initial uptake of a ligand by the liver could be a useful criterion for carrier cycling and common use of the same carrier between two ligands. However, one cannot exclude those possibilities even if the preloading effects cannot be observed.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.172-177
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze $^{68}Ga$-BAPEN dynamic PET image in rat myocardium to evaluate potential of this radiotracer as a perfusion imaging agent. Animal PET/CT scan was done in 9 rats during 120 minutes. Especially we synthesized $^{68}Ga$-BAPEN with kit which is simple and low cost method. PET images showed the in vivo dynamic distribution of $^{68}Ga$-BAPEN in the chest region of rats. Initially $^{68}Ga$-BAPEN PET images showed aorta and liver activities and a few minutes later, $^{68}Ga$-BAPEN moved to myocardium. Regions of interest were drawn on myocardium, liver, lung and blood pool. Time-activity curves showed significant uptake of $^{68}Ga$-BAPEN in myocardium. The contrast ratios of myocardial to blood pool, lung and liver at 60 minutes after injection were 1.66, 2.82 and 0.60. To estimate accurate kinetic parameters, 60 minutes after injection was required to PET scan as myocardium image contrast ratios reached to constant values. As a result, $^{68}Ga$-BAPEN would be suitable radiotracer for PET which can applied to diagnosis of myocardial perfusion diseases after further preclinical and clinical investigations.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.180-184
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• 2001

To investigate the hepatic metabolism of myristicin isolated rat livers were perfused under single-pass conditions with perfusate containing myristicin. In outflow perfusate and bile, 5-allyl-1-methoxy-2,3-dihydroxybenzene (M1), M1-sulfate, and M1-glucuronide conjugates were identified as the metabolites of myristicin. HPLC method with UV detection was applied to investigate the hepatic disposition of the compounds. The concentration of myristicin, M1, and M1-conjugates in the outflow perfusate reached steady-state levels within 20 min after commencing the perfusion of $4.5{\mu}M$ myristicin. At steady-state, the mean (${\pm}S.D.$) extraction ratio of myristicin was $0.49({\pm}0.16)$ and clearance was $13.7({\pm}4.5)ml/min$. M1 accounted for $44.0{\pm}5.3%$ of eliminated myristicin and was recovered as unchanged M1, M1-sulfate, and M1-glucuronide in the bile and outflow perfusate.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.853-863
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• 2005

Object : This study was performed to investigate the anti-fibrogenic effect of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba(ACH) on cultured rat hepatic stellate cells. Methods : Hepatic Stellate Cells were obtained from a 350gm Sprague-Dawley rat by tissue perfusion system, and the cells for the study were selected after 3 passages of culture on non-coated plastic culture dishes which enable the cells to activate, thus producing collagens in the cell media. Cells were treated with various concentrations of Artemisia Capillaris Herba(ACH) extract powder for 24 or 48 hours. After the treatment, Soluble collagen, procollagen levels and the mRNA of the procollagen type I C were measured by using assay kit and RT-PCR method. Results : Procollagen production by the hepatic stellate cells decreased after the treatment in a time-dependent dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression decreased consistently with the volume of the secreted procollagen which indicates the herb hat inhibitory effect on fibrogenesis of the liver by regulating one of the fibrosis associated genes in transcription. Conclusion : These results suggest that ACH is beneficial in the treatment of cirrhotic patients as well as for the patients with chronic hepatitis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2000

Liver isolated from 18 hours fasted rats was subjected to $N_2$hypoxia (for 45 min) followed by reoxygenation (for 30 min). The perfusion medium used was Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4, $37^{\circ}C$). Vitamin C (0.5 mM) and trolox C (0.5 mM), soluble vitamin E analog, were added to perfusate. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total glutathione, oxidized glutathione, lipid peroxide and drug-metabolizing enzymes were measured. After hypoxia LDH significantly increased but this increase was attenuated by vitamin C and combination of vitamin C and E. Total glutathione and oxidized glutathione in perfusate markedly increased during hypoxia and this increase was inhibited by vitamins C, E and its combination. Similarly; oxidized glutathione and lipid peroxide in liver tissue increased after hypoxia and reoxygenation and this increase was inhibited by vitamin I and combination of vitamin C and E. Hepatic drug metabolizing function (phase I, II) were suppressed during hypoxia but improved during reoxygenation. While vitamins C and E only increased glucuronidation, the combination of vitamin C and E increased the oxidation, glucuronidation and sulfation. Our findings suggest that vitamins C and E synergistically ameliorates hepatocellular damage as indicated by abnormalities in drug metabolizing function during hypoxia/reoxygenation and that this protection is in major part, caused by decreased oxidative stress.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.110-119
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• 2003

The purpose of the present study was to kinetically investigate the carrier-mediated uptake in the hepatic transport of organic anions, and to simulate the ″in vivo counter-transport″ phenomena, using kinetic model which was developed in this study. The condition that the mobility of carrier-ligand complex is greater than that of free carrier is not essential for the occurrence of ″counter-transport″ phenomenon. To examine the inhibitory effects on the initial uptake of a ligand by the liver, it is necessary to judge whether the true counter-transport mechanism (trans-stimulation) is working or not. The initial plasma disappearance curves of a organic anion were then kinetically analyzed based on a flow model, in which the ligand is eliminated only from the peripheral compartment (liver compartment). Moreover, ″in vive counter-transport″ phenomena were simulated based on the perfusion model which incorporated the carrier-mediated transport and the saturable intracellular binding. The ″in vivo counter-transport″ phenomena in the hepatic transport of a organic anion were well demonstrated by incorporating the carrier-mediated process. However, the ″in vivo counter-transport″ phenomena may be also explained by the enhancement of back diffusion due to the displacement of intracellular binding. In conclusion, one should be more cautious in interpreting data obtained from so-called ″in vivo counter-transport″ experiments.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2011

Purpose: The recently adopted multiple confocal SPECT SYSTEM (hereinafter called IQ SPECT$^{TM}$) has a high difference from the conventional myocardial perfusion SPECT in the collimator form, image capture method, and image reconstruction method. This study was conducted to compare this novice equipment with the conventional one to design a protocol meeting the IQ SPECT, and also determine the characteristics and usefulness of IQ SPECT. Materials and Methods: 1. For the objects of LEHR (Low energy high resolution) collimator and Multiple confocal collimator, $^{99m}Tc$ 37MBq was put in the acrylic dish then each sensitivity ($cpm/{\mu}Ci$) was measured at the distance of 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm respectively. 2. Based on the sensitivity measure results, IQ SPECT Protocol was designed according to the conventional general myocardial SPECT, then respectively 278 kBq/mL, 7.4 kBq/mL, and 48 kBq/mL of $^{99m}Tc$ were injected into the myocardial and soft tissues and liver site by using the anthropomorphic torso phantom then the myocardial perfusion SPECT was run. 3. For the comparison of FWHMs (Full Width at Half Maximum) resulted from the image reconstruction of LEHR collimator, the FWHMs (mm) were measured with only algorithms changed, in the case of the FBP (Filtered Back projection) method- a reconstruction method of conventional myocardial perfusion SPECT, and the 3D OSEM (Ordered subsets expectation maximization) method of IQ SPECT, by using $^{99m}Tc$ Line source. Results: 1. The values of IQ SPECT collimator sensitivity ($cpm/{\mu}Ci$) were 302, 382, 655, 816, 1178, and those of LEHR collimator were measured as 204, 204, 202, 201, 198, both at the distance of 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm respectively. It was found the difference of sensitivity increases up to 4 times at the distance of 30 cm in the cases of IQ SPECT and LEHR. 2. The myocardial perfusion SPECT Protocol was designed according to the geometric characteristics of IQ SPECT based on the sensitivity results, then the phantom test for the aforesaid protocol was conducted. As a result, it was found the examination time can be reduced 1/4 compared to the past. 3. In the comparison of FWHMs according to the reconstructed algorithm in the FBP method and 3D OSEM method followed after the SEPCT test using a LEHR collimator, the result was obtained that FWHM rose around twice in the 3D OSEM method. Conclusion : The IQ SPECT uses the Multiple confocal collimator for the myocardial perfusion SPECT to enhance the sensitivity and also reduces examination time and contributes to improvement of visual screen quality through the myocardial-specific geometric image capture method and image reconstruction method. Due to such benefits, it is expected patients will receive more comfortable and more accurate examinations and it is considered a further study is required using additional clinical materials.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 1993

The influence of cimetidine pretreatment(100mg/kg, single i.p.) on the hepatic blood flow was investigated using pharmacokinetic parameters of indocyanine green(ICG) in the rat on the basis of hepacc perfusion-limited model. ICG(1mg/kg) was respectively administered via femoral and portal vein to the control and to the cimetidine-pretreated rats. The rate constant K12, K20 and the systemic clearance(CLt) of ICG were significantly(p<0.05) decreased ill the cimetidine-pretrea-to(B rats, but no significant diffirences were observed in hematocrit and liver weight. The biliary excretion rates of ICG were also decreased regardless of the route of administration in the cimetidine-pretreated rats. And also the hepatic blood flow in rats was decreased about $16\%$ by cimetidine. It may be concluded that the decreased hepatic blood flow with cimetidine mainly contributed to the decreased hepatic uptake and the decreased systemic clearance of ICG.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1986

Procarcinogen induced DNA single-strand breaks and unschduled DNA synthesis were measured in primary rat hepatocytes culture. For DNA single-strand breaks assay, rat liver DNA was prelabeled by injection 3H-thymidine during the peak of DNA synthesis following partial hepatectomy. Hepatocytes were isolated from the rat 2 weeks after surgery by a collagenase perfusion techinique and maintained as monolayers in serum free medium on collagen-coated culture dishes. DNA sigle-strand breaks were measured by the alkaline elution techinique.