• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.665-681
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• 2023

Liquefaction is one of the most devastating geotechnical phenomena that severely damage vital structures and lifelines. Before constructing structures on problematic ground, it is necessary to improve the site and solve the geotechnical problem. Among ground improvement methods dealing with liquefaction, gravel drain (GD) columns and deep soil mixing (DSM) columns are popular. In this study, the results of a series of seismic experiments in a 1g environment on a structure located over liquefiable ground with different thicknesses reinforced with GD and DSM techniques were presented. The dynamic response of the reinforced ground system was investigated based on the parameters of subsidence rate, excess pore water pressure ratio, and maximum acceleration. The time history of the input acceleration was applied harmonically with an acceleration range of 0.2g and at frequencies of 1, 2, and 3 Hz. The results show that the thickness of the liquefiable layer and the frequency of the input motion have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the improvement method and all responses. Among the two techniques used, DSM in thick liquefied layers was much more efficient than GD in controlling the subsidence and rupture of the soil under the foundation. Maximum settlement values, settlement rate, and foundation rotation in the thicker liquefied layer at the 1-Hz input frequency were higher than at other frequencies. At low thicknesses, the dynamic behavior of the GD was closer to that of the DSM.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.479-487
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• 2022

This study evaluates the performance of gravel impact compaction piers system (GICPs) in strengthening retrofitting a very loose silty sand layer with a very high liquefaction risk with a thickness of 3.5 meters in a multilayer coastal soil located in Bushehr, Iran. The liquefiable sandy soil layer was located on clay layers with moderate to very stiff relative consistency. Implementation of gravel impact compaction piers is a new generation of aggregate piers. After technical and economic evaluation of the site plan, out of 3 experimental distances of 1.8, 2 and 2.2 meters between compaction piers, the distance of 2.2 meters was selected as a winning option and the northern ring of the site was implemented with 1250 gravel impact compaction piers. Based on the results of the standard penetration test in the matrix soil around the piers showed that the amount of (N₁)₆₀ in compacted soils was in the range of 20-27 and on average 14 times the amount of (1-3) in the initial soil. Also, the relative density of the initial soil was increased from 25% to 63% after soil improvement. Also the safety factor of the improved soil is 1.5-1.7 times the minimum required according to the two risk levels in the design.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제48권7호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2006

A cyclic viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for clay is incorporated into an effective stress based seismic response analysis to describe viscous effect of clay layer to sand layer during earthquake. The seismic response against main shock of 1995 Hyogoken Nambu Earthquake is analyzed in the present study. Acceleration responses in both clay layer and just upper liquefiable sand layer are damped due to viscous effect of clay. A cyclic viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for clay was implemented into a FEM code, and $Newmark{\beta}$ method was employed for the time discretization in the finite element formulation. Seismic responses were simulated by numerical method with recorded data at Port Island, Kobe, Japan. As results of this study, it was found that a cyclic viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model can give good description of dynamic behavior characteristics including viscoelastic effect.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.135-148
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• 2023

The structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) effect in adjacent structures may affect the liquefaction-induced damage of shallow foundation structures. The existing studies only analysed the independent effects on the structural dynamic response but ignored the coupling effect of height difference and distance of adjacent structures (F) on liquefied foundations on the dynamic response. Therefore, this paper adopts finite element and finite difference coupled dynamic analysis method to discuss the effect of the F on the seismic response of shallow foundation structures. The results show that the effect of the short structure on the acceleration response of the tall structure can be neglected as F increases when the height difference reaches 2 times the height of the short structure. The beneficial effect of SSSI on short structures is weakened under strong seismic excitations, and the effect of the increase of F on the settlement ratio gradually decreases, which causes a larger rotation hazard. When the distance is smaller than the foundation width, the short structure will exceed the rotation critical value and cause structural damage. When the distance is larger than the foundation width, the rotation angle is within the safe range (0.02 rad).

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2020

Earthquake preparedness has become more important with recent increase in the number of earthquakes in Korea, but many existing structures are not prepared for earthquakes. There are various types of liquefaction prevention method that can be applied, such as compaction, replacement, dewatering, and inhibition of shear strain. However, most of the liquefaction prevention methods are applied before construction, and it is important to find optimal methods that can be applied to existing structures and that have few effects on the environment, such as noise, vibration, and changes in underground water level. The purpose of this study is to estimate the correlation between the displacement of a structure and variations of pore water pressure on the ground in accordance with the depth of the sheet file when liquidation occurs. To achieve this, a shaking table test was performed for Joo-Mun-Jin standard sand and an earth pressure, accelerometer, pore water pressure transducer, and LVDT were installed in both the non-liquefiable layer and the liquefiable layer to measure the subsidence and excess pore water pressure in accordance with the time of each embedded depth. Then the results were analyzed. A comparison of the pore water pressure in accordance with Hsp/Hsl was shown to prevent lateral water flow at 1, 0.85 and confirmed that the pore water pressure increased. In addition, the relationship between Hsp/Hsl and subsidence was expressed as a trend line to calculate the expected settlement rate formula for the embedded depth ratio.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.149-161
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 철도제방의 액상화 피해와 관련된 연구결과로부터 철도제방의 액상화에 따른 피해도 평가지표를 선정하고, 동적수치해석으로부터 선정된 지표와 제방 마루침하량과의 상관관계를 확인하고, 이러한 상관관계를 이용하여 철도제방의 액상화 피해도 평가기법을 개발하는 것이다. 액상화로 인한 철도제방의 피해사례 및 피해유형을 분석하고, 다른 구조물의 액상화 피해평가법을 참고하여, 제방높이(H), 비액상화층두께(H₁), 액상화가능지수(LPI)를 철도제방의 액상화 피해도 평가지표로 선정하였다. 본 연구에서 철도제방에 대한 동적유효응력해석을 위한 기초지반의 액상화 구성모델은 PM4-Sand model을 적용하였다. 해당 구성모델은 철도제방에 대하여 수행된 기존의 동적원심모형실험 결과와의 비교로부터 모델의 실효성이 우선 검증되었다. 국내 호남고속철도 제방 549개소 기초지반 자료 중 액상화 발생이 가능한 9개 부지를 선정하고, 선정 부지 철도제방 단면에 대해 2가지 크기 수준의 2가지 지진파, 즉, 총 4개의 지진파를 입력하중으로 하는 동적수치해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석 결과로부터 선정된 평가지표들과 제방 마루침하량과의 상관성을 확인하였고, 이러한 상관성을 이용하여 작성한 도표를 이용하여 철도제방의 액상화 피해도를 간편하게 평가할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.357-367
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• 2018

최근 경주와 포항에서 발생한 지진으로 국내에서 액상화 현상에 대한 관심이 커지고 있다. 지반의 액상화는 포화된 상태에서 지진과 같은 동하중을 받았을 때 과잉간극수압이 발생하여 흙이 강도를 상실하고 물과 같이 거동하는 현상이며 지반 침하와 상부구조물의 전도와 같은 심각한 문제를 야기한다. 따라서 액상화 발생 가능성을 미리 파악하고 대비할 필요가 있다. 액상화의 발생 가능성과 액상화 피해 정도는 일반적으로 액상화 가능 지수(Liquefaction Potential Index, LPI)에 의해 정량적으로 평가된다. LPI의 계산은 시추공 별로 이루어지며 지반응답해석이 필수적인 작업으로 선행되어 많은 시간과 노력이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 지하수위 분포를 가지는 넓은 지역의 액상화 평가를 간단히 수행할 수 있도록 전단파 속도와 LPI의 상관관계를 이용한 액상화 평가 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법은 액상화 가능 층의 평균 전단파 속도(${\bar{V}}s^{\prime}liquefiable$)와 액상화 가능 층의 두께로 나누어 정규화한 정규화 LPI의 상관관계를 분석하여 지하수위 별로 다양한 암반노두가속도에 대해 적용 가능한 상관관계식을 제시하고 이용한다. 상관관계를 이용한 액상화 평가 방법의 적용성을 확인하기 위해 서울특별시의 104개 시추조사자료를 이용하여 지하수위 0m, 1m, 2m, 3m에 대해 상관관계식을 제시하였으며 제시한 상관관계식을 이용하여 서울특별시와 경주시의 액상화 발생 가능성을 평가하였다. 지반응답해석을 이용해 계산한 LPI와 상관관계식을 이용해 계산한 LPI를 비교하였으며 제안된 액상화 평가 방법의 적용성을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 제안된 액상화 평가 방법에 따라 결정된 LPI의 분포를 지구통계학적 기법인 크리깅을 통해 지도로 나타내었다.