• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.128-141
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• 1996

The pourpose of this study is to determine the exact size which can be the basic elements of the fashion design with the measurement of middle-aged women's body, and to grasp the peculiar tomato type of the middle-aged women by compacting each measurement and examing the change of body shape. Making 215 house wives about 40 to 55 years old the subject of this research, we measured the body size from June to August, 1994. After analyzing the data through the 43 item.; of the body measurement, grasping the characteristics of the tomato type, we classified three types of physical standard and looked into the element of body structure. The results were as follows; 1. The average Rohrer index of middle-aged women in Tas-gu is about 1.5 and they usually seem to be fat compared with other groups. 2. Age has much influence on the body change of middle-aged women. Especially around 45 years old, the body change showed remarkable. 3. When analyzing the elements of the body measurement, the biggest elements of middle -aged women's body structure are in the items of width, thickness and girth related to the expansion of body line. Therefore in the middle age, the thickness and the girth have more influence on the human body than the height and the length, so the items of thickness and girth is the most important factor in the somato type. 4. In the slim body and standard body, the thirst factor is the items of height and length related to vertical size and the second is the items of width and thickness and girth. In ice fat body the first factor is the items of width, thickness, girth and the second is those of height, length. Unlike other body shapes, the fat body has many factors, which shows that the fat body has much variation in each part in proportion to fatness.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.25-28
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• 2016

Purpose: Reconstruction of small defects of the dorsal fingers and toes is a challenging task. Although adipofascial flap is widely used for these areas, additional refinements are warranted. In this paper, we define the appropriate defect size in the finger and toes that can be treated with the adipofascial flap, refine its surgical indications and present a few surgical tips. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with dorsal defects of the fingers and toes were treated with a random-type adipofascial turn-over flap and skin graft. If the defect area exceeded the size that could be covered by a conventional design, the flap base was designed in oblique or curvilinear fashion to lengthen the flap. For accurate defect coverage, the width of the flap base was designed in an asymmetrical shape depending on the defect configuration, varying the width from 0.3 to 1.0 cm, as opposed to the standard 0.5 to 1.0 cm width. Moreover, the lateral limit of the flap was defined as the lateral axial line. The size of the defect ranged from $3.0{\times}1.7cm$ to $1.5{\times}1.3cm$. Results: All flaps survived completely. Gliding function of the hand was well preserved and there was no evidence of tendon adhesion. Conclusion: The small defect in the dorsal finger and toe can be defined as less than one phalanx-length, measuring about $3.0{\times}2.0cm$ in size. If the defect exceeds this dimension, it is recommended that a different option be considered. We believe the adipofascial flap is an excellent option for treating small defects.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.246-260
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• 2013

This research was carried out on women in their 20s and 30s who have overweight lower body. The subjects selected for this study were women a Rohrer index of 1.6 or higher, a waist circumference 78.5cm to 83.5cm, and a lower drop of at least 18cm. The aim is to propose a prototype of bi-stretch pants meeting demands for both functionality and aesthetic appeal. Various clothing patterns ease amount of the waist and hip circumferences and crotch depths and were developed. They had different crotch widths, and center back line angles. The results showed that the best pants patterns were ease 1cm to the total hip circumference. The front hip circumference was H/4-0.5cm, and the back hip circumference was H/4+1cm. The front crotch width was H/20+1cm, the back crotch width was H/10+3cm. No additional ease was given to the total waistline. The front waist circumference was W/4+0.5cm. The back waist circumference was W/4-0.5cm. The knee circumference was set at 44cm, the pant hem width was set at 36cm, and the pant length was set at 100cm-5cm. The findings of this research can be used as basic data for stretch pants that fit the abdomen, hips, and thighs for women in their 20s and 30s with overweight lower body.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2015

This study is aimed to clarify the transitional characteristics of old roads and alleys lasting more than 100 years(1915-2015) in traditional urban area(Seongan-dong) of cheongju, historic inland and castle city of Korea. Cheongju castle had been completely destroyed In 1915, and urban structures been also altered last 100 years from 2015 now. Periodically, after destruction of castle, existing roads were extended and transformed to straight line for connecting with around. Expanding urban area to all directions of castle boundary in 1930-40s, town planning were created. These projects were completed in 1960-70s, the street network was built as they are. Since the 1980s, changes had been occurred in the details such as an extension of the unexecuted roads, the opening of fire lane in a block, and etc. In change and construction of roads, urban district plan in 1939 and reorganization since 1967 were planned and established with the type, location, and width of the large, medium and small roads based on data before destruction of castle. Except the width of 25m Sajikro(large3-1) and Sangdangro(large3-8,9,10), the width of 15m Namsaro(medium2-1) and Namjuro (medium2-4) as an extension of the roads, the other roads were small roads equivalent to the existing roads, and so remain intact figure of streetscape. As such, roads of east-west and north-south cross type, roads showing the outline of Cheongju castle fortress, and alleys outside the south gate are sustained in Seongan-dong of cheongju as historic urban area, and also present roads are delicately executed to the existing urban fabric.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.88-99
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• 2021

Purpose: Direct intraoral scanning and superimposing methods have recently been applied to measure the dimensions of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze various correlations between labial gingival thickness and underlying alveolar bone thickness, as well as clinical parameters among 3 tooth types (central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines) using a digital method. Methods: In 20 periodontally healthy subjects, cone-beam computed tomography images and intraoral scanned files were obtained. Measurements of labial alveolar bone and gingival thickness at the central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines were performed at points 0-5 mm from the alveolar crest on the superimposed images. Clinical parameters including the crown width/crown length ratio, keratinized gingival width, gingival scallop, and transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival sulcus were examined. Results: Gingival thickness at the alveolar crest level was positively correlated with the thickness of the alveolar bone plate (P<0.05). The central incisors revealed a strong correlation between labial alveolar bone thickness at 1 and 2 mm, respectively, inferior to the alveolar crest and the thickness of the gingiva at the alveolar crest line (G0), whereas G0 and labial bone thickness at every level were positively correlated in the lateral incisors and canines. No significant correlations were found between clinical parameters and hard or soft tissue thickness. Conclusions: Gingival thickness at the alveolar crest level revealed a positive correlation with labial alveolar bone thickness, although this correlation at identical depth levels was not significant. Gingival thickness, at or under the alveolar crest level, was not associated with the clinical parameters of the gingival features, such as the crown form, gingival scallop, or keratinized gingival width.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 2023

This study focused on understanding the relationship between the design of a tunnel boring machine disc cutter ring and its rock-breaking efficiency, as well as the applicable conditions of different cutter ring types. The discrete element method was used to establish a numerical model of the rock-breaking process using disc cutters with different ring types to reveal the development of rock damage cracks and variation in cutter penetration load. The calculation results indicate that a sharp-edged (V-shaped) disc cutter penetrates a rock mass to a given depth with the lowest load, resulting in more intermediate cracks and few lateral cracks, which leads to difficulty in crack combination. Furthermore, the poor wear resistance of a conventional V-shaped cutter can lead to an exponential increase in the penetration load after cutter ring wear. In contrast, constant-cross-section (CCS) disc cutters have the highest quantity of crack extensions after penetrating rock, but also require the highest penetration loads. An arch-edged (U-shaped) disc cutter is more moderate than the aforementioned types with sufficient intermediate and lateral crack propagation after cutting into rock under a suitable penetration load. Additionally, we found that the cutter ring wedge angle and edge width heavily influence cutter rock-breaking efficiency and that a disc cutter with a 16 to 22 mm edge width and 20° to 30° wedge angle exhibits high performance. Compared to V-shaped and U-shaped cutters, the CCS cutter is more suitable for soft or medium-strength rocks, where the penetration load is relatively small. Additionally, two typical case studies were selected to verify that replacing a CCS cutter with a U-shaped or optimized V-shaped disc cutter can increase cutting efficiency when encountering hard rocks.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2011

In this paper, the metamaterial transmission line (TL) based on the complementary spiral resonators (CSRs) and interdigital structure is presented for reducing the phase noise of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The metamaterial TL is realized by adopting the array of the CSRs etched on the ground plane and the interdigital transmission line on the signal plane. The interdigital TL on the signal plane has been used to obtain higher Q value than the conventional TL without the interdigital structure. The resonance properties and inherent saturation of Q value of the proposed metamaterial TL have been analyzed by varying the width of the TL on the signal plane, dimensions of the CSRs, current directions between the CSRs, number of the unit cell-pair of the CSRs, and whether or not there is the interdigital structure in this paper. The phase noise and tuning range of the proposed VCO are -127.50~-125.33 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and 5.744~5.852 GHz.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2004.11c
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• pp.30-32
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• 2004

With 3-D vision measuring, camera calibration is necessary to calculate parameters accurately. Camera calibration was developed widely in two categories. The first establishes reference points in space, and the second uses a grid type frame and statistical method. But, the former has difficulty to setup reference points and the latter has low accuracy. In this paper we present an algorithm for camera calibration using perspective ratio of the grid type frame with different line widths. It can easily estimate camera calibration parameters such as lens distortion, focal length, scale factor, pose, orientations, and distance. The advantage of this algorithm is that it can estimate the distance of the object. Also, the proposed camera calibration method is possible estimate distance in dynamic environment such as autonomous navigation. To validate proposed method, we set up the experiments with a frame on rotator at a distance of 1, 2, 3, 4[m] from camera and rotate the frame from -60 to 60 degrees. Both computer simulation and real data have been used to test the proposed method and very good results have been obtained. We have investigated the distance error affected by scale factor or different line widths and experimentally found an average scale factor that includes the least distance error with each image. The average scale factor tends to fluctuate with small variation and makes distance error decrease. Compared with classical methods that use stereo camera or two or three orthogonal planes, the proposed method is easy to use and flexible. It advances camera calibration one more step from static environments to real world such as autonomous land vehicle use.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.87.2-87.2
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• 2013

We studied a fine-scale half ring-like structure around a pore seen from the high spectral and the high spatial resolution data. Our observations were carried out using the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph (FISS) and the InfraRed Imaging Magnetograph (IRIM) installed at the 1.6 meter New Solar Telescope of Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) on 2012 July 19. During the observations, we found a fine-scale half ring-like structure located very close to a pore (~0.4 arcsec apart from the pore). It was seen in the far wing images of the $H{\alpha}$ and Ca II $8542{\AA}$ lines, but it was not seen in the line center images of two lines. The length of the structure is about 4200 km and the width is about 350 km. We determined its line-of-sight velocity using the Doppler shift of the centroid of the Ti II line ($6559.6{\AA}$, close to the $H{\alpha}$ line) and determined horizontal velocity using the NAVE method. we also investigated the magnetic configurations using the Stokes I, Q, U, and V maps of the IRIM. As a results, we found that it has a high blue-shift velocity (~2km) faster than the photospheric features and has a strong horizontal component of the magnetic field. Based on our findings, we suggest that it is associated with small flux emergence, which occurs very close to the pore. Even though it is very small structure, this kind of magnetic configuration can be in chare of the upper chromosphere heating, especially above the pore.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.996-1003
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• 2003

There are critical drawbacks in fabricating MMIC transversal filters because the length of the conventional transversal filter structure is much longer than the width. In order to solve this structural problem, a transversal filter using multiple-coupled-line directional couplers which can achieve tight coupling is proposed. The length of the proposed transversal filter can be made short using multiple-coupled-line couplers so that the structure of the proposed filter is applicable to MMIC technology. Because of the dielectric and conductor losses, the excited signal at the input port becomes smaller when it progresses through each directional coupler. Therefore, the strength of the coupled signals at the latter directional couplers becomes smaller than the designed one and this, in turn, gives rise to performance aggravation. A modified coupling coefficient formula to prevent frequency characteristic degradation is introduced. The proposed filter structure and the design method are verified by the calculated result and 3D full-wave analysis.