• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2021

Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces lincolnensis. Moreover, it has been found to be effective against infections caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Bacteroides fragillis. To identify the melanin-inducing properties of lincomycin, we used B16F10 melanoma cells in this study. The melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in the cells were increased by lincomycin, without any cytotoxicity. Western blot analysis indicated that the protein expressions of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1) and TRP2 increased after lincomycin treatment. In addition, lincomycin enhanced the expression of master transcription regulator of melanogenesis, a microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Lincomycin also increased the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and decreased the AKT phosphorylation. Moreover, the activation of tyrosinase activity by lincomycin was inhibited by the treatment with SB203580, which is p38 inhibitor. Furthermore, we also found that lincomycin-induced tyrosinase expression was reduced by H-89, a specific protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. These results indicate that lincomycin stimulate melanogenesis via MITF activation via p38 MAPK, AKT, and PKA signal pathways. Thus, lincomycin can potentially be used for treatment of hypopigmentation disorders.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.532-539
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• 2004

For efficient lincomycin production from Streptomyces lincolnensis L1245, various vegetable oils, natural nitrogen sources, and surfactants were investigated at the pilot-scale level in the flask. Olive oil as the sole carbon source was the most suitable one for producing lincomycin. When 20 g/lof olive oil was used, the lincomycin concentration and lipase activity reached 1.01 g/land 182 U/ml, respectively, after 5 days of culture. Among the various unsaturated fatty acids, when linolenic acid was used, the cell growth and lincomycin production were markedly decreased. On the other hand, when 0.2 g/l of oleic acid was added to the culture broth, the maximum lincomycin concentration was 1.0 g/l, which was about 1.7-fold higher than that obtained without the addition of oleic acid. Among the various natural nitrogen sources, pharmamedia or soybean meal was the most suitable nitrogen source. In particular, in the case of a mixture of 10 g/l of pharmamedia and soybean meal, 1.5 g/l of lincomycin concentration and 220 U/ml of lipase activity were obtained. When Span 180 was used as the surfactant, lincomycin production, lipase activity, and oil consumption increased. The correlation between the consumption rates of oil and lincomycin production in a culture using olive oil as the sole carbon source was also investigated. The lincomycin production depended on the consumption rate of olive oil. Using these results, fed-batch cultures for comparing the use of olive oil and starch as a conventional carbon source were carried out in a 5-1 fermentor. When olive oil was used as the sole carbon source, 34 g/l of olive oil was consumed after 7 days of culture. The maximum lincomycin concentration was 3.0 g/l, which was about 2.0-fold higher than that of starch medium after 7 days of culture. The product yield was 0.09 gig of consumed carbon source, which was about 3.0-fold higher than that of starch medium after 7 days of culture.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.154-158
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• 2003

Lincomycin, a selective tyrosinase blocker, has been thought to be effective in the treatment of melanogenesis, ephelis, post inflammatory pigmentation, and facial discoloration. In an attempt to develop a transdermal perparation for lincomycin, this study was designed to examine the appropriate contents of various surfactants and ethanol in the cream preparation. Frans type diffusion cell was used to investigate permeation efficiency of the preparation, and lincomycin in the receptor phase was measured by HPLC. After having a 1.5 hrs of leg time, the permeability of lincomycin was rapidly increased by adding surfactants, and varied with different types of surfactants after 10 hrs, the permeability of Brij 56$^{(R)}$ preparation (501.4$\pm$45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι) was greater than that either of Labrasol$^{(R)}$ (263.9$\pm$33.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι) or Tween$^{(R)}$20(386.2$\pm$26.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mι). Ethanol also increased the permeability of lincomycin.mycin.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.632-633
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• 2000

Lincomycin의 추출을 위한 최적용매 및 최적 추출조건을 조사하였고 회분식 다단 추출을 시도하는 한편, 연속식 3단 향류추출장치를 개발하여 lincomycin의 추출효율을 조사하였다. 연속식 3단 향류추출장치를 운전한 결과 회분식 추출과 마찬가지로 단수가 증가함에 따라 lincomycin의 추출효율이 증가함이 확인되었고, 3단을 거친 수용액상에서는 lincomycin이 거의 발견되지 않음이 확인되었다.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.89-93
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• 2014

Lincomycin is one of the major species among the Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) detected from the four major rivers in Korea. The structure characterization was performed of six degradation products of lincomycin formed under the irradiation of electron beam, and the degradation efficiency as a function of the various irradiation dose and sample concentration was investigated. Electron beam (10 MeV, 0.5 mA and 5 kW) experiments for the structural characterization of degradation products that are fortified with lincomycin, were performed at the dose of 10 kGy. The separation of degradation products and lincomycin was carried out using a C18 column ($2.1{\times}100$ mm, $3.5{\mu}m$), using gradient elution with 20 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile. The structures of six degradation products of lincomycin were proposed by interpretation of mass spectra and chromatograms by LC-MS/MS. The mass fragmentation pathways of mass spectra in tandem mass spectrometry were also proposed. Experiments were performed of the degradation efficiency as a function of the irradiation dose intensity and the initial concentration of lincomycin in an aqueous environment. In addition, increased degradation efficiency was observed with a higher dose of electron beam and lower concentration.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.279-282
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• 2000

The effect of three antifoam agents: PPG(polypropylene glycol), PEG(polyethylene glycol) and CA-110(aquous emulsion with 16% silicon oil component), was examined on the lincomycin production during cultivation of S. lincolnensis. Both PEG and PPG were effective in foam depressing during the flask cultures. As a result, the lincomycin production was enhanced upto about 400 mg/L in a optimized medium (OP-1) containing PEG or PPG. In contrast, the effect of antifoam agents in flasks was not remarkable for the various initial concentrations ranging from 0.5 g/L to 5 g/L with the basic medium(UP-1). But the lincomycin production in small fermentor showed the great different results in comparison with that in flasks under the same conditions. The lincomycin productions in small fermentor were 325 mg/L and 130 mg/L respectively for the following initial PPG concentrations, 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2010

The ecotoxicological effects of two antibiotics, fenbendazole and lincomycin, were observed in the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus s.l. collected from tidal pools in the southern coast of Korea. Fenbendazole had a significant effect on the survival rates (p < 0.05), delay of copepodite emergence, and urosome size (p < 0.05). Lincomycin, on the other hand, had no significant influence on these environmental indicators. However, our analysis of morphological abnormalities in T. japonicus s.l. showed that lincomycin was more effective than fenbendazole in causing deformities. The pattern of deformity was diverse, with fused segments, and loss or addition of setae in the swimming legs. All of these patterns appeared as a result of relatively low concentrations of this antibiotic (0.3, $1\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$). We report here patterns of morphological abnormality in T. japonicus s.l. exposed to antibiotics, and suggest their possible application in ecotoxicological monitoring.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.27-33
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• 2008

Using crude soybean oil as the sole carbon source, the lincomycin production from Streptomyces lincolnensis LC 345 was investigated in the air lift bioreactor. When 30 g/L of crude soybean oil was used, the maximum lincomycin concentration reached 0.89 g/L, after 5 days of culture. When CSL concentration was increased from 10 to 30 g/L, Lincomycin concentration was increased from 0.6 to 1.2. On the other hand, when CSL concentration was increased from 40 to 60 g/L, it was decreased from 1.15 to 0.7 g/L. Using these results, fed batch cultures for comparing the use of crude soybean oil and glucose as a conventional carbon source were carried out in a 5 L air lift bioreactor. When crude soybean oil was used as the sole carbon source, the maximum lincomycin concentration was 2.0 g/L, which was about 2.0 fold higher than that of glucose medium after 7 day of culture. The product yield from olive oil was 0.042 g/g consumed carbon source, which was about 3.8 fold higher than that of glucose.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2022

Lincomycin as one of the lincosamides antibiotics have been mainly used in human and livestock fields, but have not been used in aquaculture. In this study, the distribution of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against lincomycin and the detection of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance gene were confirmed in bacterial pathogens isolated from cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Of the 107 strains isolated from Jeju, 36 strains of Gram-positive bacteria and 71 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were identified. Most of Streptococcus spp. was found to have a MIC value of less than or equal to 0.5 ㎍/mL, and Edwardsiella piscicida was found to have a MIC value higher than 1,024 ㎍/mL. V. harveyi and V. alginolyticus mostly showed MIC values of 256 ㎍/mL, but V. scophthalmi displayed values of 8~64 ㎍/mL. In the detection of MLS resistance gene, erm(B) was detected in 9 strains of Streptococcus spp., and erm(A) was confirmed in one strain.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2010

Bacterial pathogens were isolated from dogs with urinary tract infection (UTI) in local animal hospitals between August 2003 and December 2009. Bacteria were isolated from urine of 47 dogs. The isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (n = 27), Streptococcus spp. (n = 7), Staphylococcus spp. (n = 5), Enterobacter spp. (n = 3), Proteus spp. (n = 2), other species were 3 strains, respectively. E. coli were susceptible to imimpenem, polymyxin B, amikacin, cephalosporins, aztreonam, amoxicillin clavulate, cephalosporins, tricarcillin, and amoxicillin clavulate, while were resistant bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin, oxacillin, penicillin, and novobiocin. Streptococcus spp. were susceptible to bacitracin, imimpenem, and trimethoprime-sulfa, while were highly resistant amikacin, cefotaxim, cefoxitin, cloxacillin, gentamicin, lincomycin, oxacillin, penicillin, streptomycin, and tobramycin. Staphylococcus spp. were susceptible to cefoxitin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, imimpenem, and tobramycin, but were resistant aztreonam and tetracycline.