• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.299-309
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• 1999

The composite resin, due to its esthetic qualities, is considered the material of choice for restoration of anterior teeth. With respect to shade control, the direct-placement resin composites offer some distinct advantages over indirect restorative procedures. Visible-light-cured (VLC) composites allow dentists to match existing tooth shades or to create new shades and to evaluate them immediately at the time of restoration placement. Optimal intraoral color control can be achieved if optical changes occurring during application are minimized. An ideal VLC composite, then, would be one which is optically stable throughout the polymerization process. The shade guides of the resin composites are generally made of plastic, rather than the actual composite material, and do not accurately depict the true shade, translucency, or opacity of the resin composite after polymerization. So the numerous problems associated with these shade guides lead to varied and sometimes unpredictable results. The aim of this study was to assess the color changes of current resin composite restorative materials which occur as a result of the polymerization process and to compare the color differences between the shade guides provided with the products and the actual resin composites before- and after-polymerization. The results obtained from this investigation should provide the clinician with information which may aid in improved color match of esthetic restoration. Five light activated, resin-based materials (${\AE}$litefil, Amelogen Universal, Spectrum TPH VeridonFil-Photo, and Z100) and shade guides were used in this study. Three specimens of each material and shade combination were made. Each material was condensed inside a 1.5mm thick metal mold with 10mm diameter and pressed between glass plates. Each material was measured immediately before polymerization, and polymerized with Curing Light XL 3000 (3M Dental products, USA) visible light-activation unit for 60 seconds at each side. The specimens were then polished sequentially on wet sandpaper. Shade guides were ground with polishing stones and rubber points (Shofu) to a thickness of approximately 1.5mm. Color characteristics were performed with a spectrophotometer (CM-3500d, Minolta Co., LTD). A computer-controlled spectrophotometer was used to determine CIELAB coordinates ($L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$) of each specimen and shade guide. The CIELAB measurements made it possible to evaluate the amount of the color difference values (${\Delta}E{^*}ab$) of resin composites before the polymerization process and shade guides using the post-polishing color of the composite as a control, CIE standard D65 was used as the light source. The results were as follows. 1. Each of the resin composites evaluated showed significant color changes during light-curing process. All the resin composites evaluated except all the tested shades of 2100 showed unacceptable level of color changes (${\Delta}E{^*}ab$ greater than 3.3) between pre-polymerization and post-polishing state. 2. Color differences between most of the resin composites tested and their corresponding shade guides were acceptable but those between C2 shade of ${\AE}$litefil and IE shade of Amelogen Universal and their respective shade guides exceeded what is acceptable. 3. Comparison of the mean ${\Delta}E{^*}ab$ values of materials revealed that Z100 showed the least overall color change between pre-polymerization and post-polishing state followed by ${\AE}$litefil, VeridonFil-Photo, Spectrum TPH, and Amelogen Universal in the order of increasing change and Amelogen Universal. Spectrum TPH, 2100, VeridonFil-Photo and ${\AE}$litefil for the color differences between actual resin and shade guide. 4. In the clinical environment, the shade guide is the better choice than the shade of the actual resin before polymerization when matching colors. But, it is recommended that custom shade guides be made from resin material itself for better color matching.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.1024-1036
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• 2018

In this paper, McCARD code was verified using various models listed in the NUREG/CR-6361 benchmark guide, which provides specifications for single pin-cells, single assemblies, and the whole core classified depending on the nuclear properties and structural characteristics. McCARD code was verified by comparing its results with those of SCALE code for single pin-cell and single assembly benchmark problems. The difference in the multiplication factor obtained through the two codes did not exceed 90 pcm. The benchmark guide treats a total of 173 whole core experiments. The experiments are categorized as simple lattices, separator plates, reflecting walls, reflecting walls and separator plates, burnable absorber fuel rods, water holes, poison rods, and borated moderator. As a result of numerical simulation using McCARD, the mean value of the multiplication factors is 1.00223 and the standard deviation of the multiplication factors is 285 pcm. The difference between the multiplication factors and the experimental value is in the range of -665 pcm to + 1609 pcm. In addition, statistics of results for experiments categorized by reactor shape, additional structure, burnable poison, etc., are detailed in the main text.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.122-126
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 단일 광원에 광분할 반사경을 집적하여 휴대폰의 디스플레이부와 키패드부에 동시 적용 가능한 통합형 듀얼 백라이트 유닛을 제안하고 구현하였다. 이 광분할 반사경은 상부 커버와 홈 모양의 하부 기판을 서로 정렬함으로써 구현되며, 반사경 좌우에는 도광판, 확산 쉬트, 프리즘 쉬트로 이루어진 도광 모듈이 연결되어 있다. 하부 기판의 중앙에 위치한 광원에서 방사된 광은 반사경 내부에서 다중 반사를 하면서 진행하고, 도광 모듈에 입사된 후 면광원으로 변환된다. 제작된 듀얼 백라이트 유닛의 측정 결과를 살펴보면, 키패드부에서의 평균 휘도 및 휘도 균일도는 각각 $420\;cd/m^2$와 69%, 디스플레이부에서는 $640\;cd/m^2$와 79%였다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.8
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• pp.429-429
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• 2007

In this study, it was investigated about the variation of luminance properties in LED backlight with geometrical shape such as prism or lens shape on the light-entering face. Generally, LED light source has the loss in backlight system because it has horizontal direction light. PMMA(Poly-Methyl-Meta-Acrylate) is used LGP(Light-Guide-Plate) in conventional backlight system. PMMA has low refraction angle. so that. horizontal direction light was not used in backlight system. The addition of geometrical shape in light-entering face in LGP improves the luminance characteristics because it prevents horizontal direction light generation in light-entering-face. Prism or lens shape in same pitch disposition was almost same without these treatment such as the value of 1% rising. Besides. It is particular that the gap of these shape such as the value of 0.407~0.22mm prevents horizontal direction light, so then it contributes luminance rising at 5.6%.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2023

소동물 전용의 영상 및 치료기기 중 양전자방출단층촬영기기(positron emission tomography, PET)는 관심 시야 내에서 공간분해능의 변화가 발생한다. 이는 작은 갠트리와 작고, 긴 섬광 픽셀을 사용함으로써 발생하는 현상으로 이를 해결하기 위해 반응 깊이를 측정하는 검출기들이 개발 및 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 여러 개의 섬광체 블록과 서로 다른 반사체 패턴을 지닌 광가이드를 사용하여 반응 깊이를 측정하는 검출기를 설계하였다. 3 mm × 3 mm × 5 mm의 섬광 픽셀을 4 × 4 배열로 구성한 섬광체 블록이 4개의 층을 이루고, 각 층마다 광가이드를 삽입하여 전체 검출기를 구성하였다. 반응 깊이 측정 여부를 확인하기위해, 모든 섬광 픽셀의 중심에서 감마선 반응을 발생시켜 데이터를 획득 후 평면 영상으로 재구성하였다. 층 사이에 삽입된 광가이드의 반사체 패턴이 모두 달라 각 층별 섬광 픽셀의 위치가 서로 다른 곳에 형성되었다. 이렇게 형성된 섬광 픽셀의 위치를 모두 분리하여 영상의 재구성에 사용하면 관심시야 모든 영역에 걸쳐 고른 공간분해능을 달성할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 시스템엔지니어링학술지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

This paper aims to analyze the result of SE Process Implementation on Light Rail Transit(LRT) Project. Currently the Light Rail Transit Project of Korea applies SE to the intermediate phase, that is, E&M phase which is a manufacturing and designing procedure. More seriously, the application effect of SE is not remarkable because it applies to some specific engineering fields like RAMS and it depends on superficial consulting of foreign companies with low SE support capability and investment capital. This study points out that the "Requirement Analysis" and "System Alternative Review" has not been conducted from the initial phase (basic plan and basic design) of the LRT projects. Several projects indicate that the amount of investments for SE activities through the Korea LRT project is relatively very small in comparison with the global capital which is about 10% of total project budget. Furthermore, Korea LRT projects have very few SE professionals and weak SE organization with no government directions and guide book for the efficient implementation of SE for the LRT projects.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 1998년도 제14회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.17-17
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• 1998

Synchrotron radiation is produced when charged particles moving with relativistic velocities a are accelerated - for example, deflected by the bending magnets which guide the electron or p positrons in circular accelerators or storage rings. By using special focusing magnetic lattices i in the particle accelerators it is possible to make the dimensions of the particle beam very small with a hi맹 charge density which results in a light source with high b디lIiance. Synchrotron light h has important properties which make it ideal for a wide range of investigations in surface s science. The fact that the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted in a bending magnet e extends in a continuum from the 얹r infra red region to hard x-rays means that it is id않I for a v variety of spectroscopic studies. Since there are no convenient lasers, or other really bright l light sources, in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray re.밍ons the development of synchrotron r radiation has enabled enormous advances to be made in this di펌C비t spectr따 re밍on. P Polarization-dependent measurements, for ex없nple ellipsometry or circular dichroism studies a are possible because the radiation has a well-defined polarization - linear in the plane of orbit w with additional right-circular, or left-circular, components for emission an생es above, or below, t the horizontal, respectively. Since the synchrotron light is emitted from a bunch of charge c circulating in a ring the light is emitted with a well-defined time structure with a short flash of l light every time a bunch passes an exit port. The time structure depends on the size of the ring a and the number and sequence of filling of the bunches. A pulsed light source enables time¬r resolved studies to be performed which provide direct information on the lifetimes and decay m modes of excited states and in addition opens up the possibility of using time of flight t techniques for spectroscopic studies. The fact that synchrotron radiation is produced in a clean u ultrahi야 vacuum environment is of gr않t importance for surce science studies. The current t비rd generation synchrotron light sources provide exceptionally high baliance and stability a and open up possibilities for experiments which would have been inconceivable only a short time ago.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2022

가상현실(virtual reality) 구현을 위한 헤드마운트 디스플레이는 사용자의 눈과 가까이 위치하고, 화면의 위치가 고정되어 있기 때문에 좁은 시야각이 소비전력 측면에서 유리하다. 본 논문에서는 광시야각에 최적화된 일반적인 액정 디스플레이(liquid crystal display, LCD)에서 헤드마운트 디스플레이에 적합한 협시야각 구현을 위한 back light unit (BLU) 구조를 연구하였으며 도광판의 산란 패턴과 역프리즘 구조를 최적화함으로써 시야각을 제어할 수 있는 구조와 각 인자들 간의 상관관계를 시뮬레이션으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 도광판의 산란 패턴의 형태에 대응되는 이중각 역프리즘 구조를 선정하였고, 이는 기존의 일반적인 LCD 대비 휘도 14% 증가, 상하 시야각은 16% 감소, 최대 70%의 광효율의 결과를 얻었다. 이 구조는 기존의 불필요한 광손실을 제거한 고효율 LCD로서의 활용이 기대된다.

• 한국광학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국광학회 2009년도 동계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.381-382
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• 2009

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2002년도 ICCAS
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• pp.40.3-40
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• 2002

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) needs autonomous flight capability to accomplish various mission objectives. For this objective, the autopilot is a key element in the UAV system design. The principal goal of autopilot is to guide the aircraft under varying external disturbances throughout the mission phases. The external disturbances include gravity effect, wind gust, and other unexpected obstacles. The gust affects the aircraft flight performance to a significant extent. UAV's low speed, light weight, and the absence of human judgment makes un predictable gust more dangerous. Autopilot design in general takes the gust effect into account to satisfy flight performance requirement. In this study..