• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.33-59
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• 2008

This paper aims to analyse the preference for German farm tourism among the German population. For this reason, we conducted an empirical study in Germany during summer 2007 and we applieda structural equation model based on partial leasts quares(PLS) to analyse the data. In the following chapters we will introduce the literature review and our conceptual frame work. We will then outline the procedures we adopted and the results of the empirical analysis. In the final part so me conclusions will be presented and a discussion will follow in order to draw the future directions of our research. According to our hypotheses, the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H1: The higher the information degree about it. H2: The lower the influence of the social stimuli. H3: The higher the physical exposure to it (experience). H4: The higher the wellness image of agri-tourism. H5: The higher the traditional image of agri-tourism. H6: The higher the exciting image of agri-tourism. H7: The higher the perceived value for money. Our further hypotheses affirm that the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H8: The lower the perceived risk. H9: The higher the motive to enjoy a holiday in the nature. H10: The higher the motive to enjoy a sport holiday. H11: The lower the motive to have an organized holiday. H12: The lower the motive to have a holiday abroad. H13: The lower the motive of action and night life. H14: The higher the motive to spend a holiday with the family. H15: The lower the motive to spend a city holiday. Finally, our model has some socio-demographics data. As we mentioned before, German agri-tourism has traditionally been the travel destination of large-size families, with low-to-middle income. For that reason, our final hypothesises are the following: the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked-set of an individual is higher: H16: The higher the number of family members. H17: The lower the family income. Since in this study we use a path model with a PLS approach, we are able to state some interrelations among the exogenous latent variables: H18: The motive of sport holiday has a positive influence towards nature motives. H19: The physical exposition to agri-tourism has a positive influence toward information. H20: The motive of family holiday has a negative influence toward the motive of action and night life. H21: Social stimuli have a positive influence towards individuals risk perceptions. H22: Social stimuli have negative influence towards experience. Data for this study were gathered via administrated questionnaires during the summer 2007 within the frame of an academic "marketing research" course. The corresponding t-values are assessed using the bootstrapping method with 500 re-samples. In our model 61% of the degree of appreciation of German agri-tourism (evoked set) is explained by five independent variables: value for money ($0.335^{{\ast}{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H7) experience ($0.267^{{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H3), exciting image ($0.204^{\ast}$) (H6) organisation ($-0.162^{\ast}$) (H11) and holiday abroad ($-0.156^{\ast}$) (H12). The variance explained ($R^2$) for the other endogenous variables are the following: nature 24.3%, information 14.1%, action holiday 13.8%, risk perception 5.8% and experience 2.4%. An overview can be inferred from table 5. The results also allow us to test each of the proposed hypotheses. With exception of organization and abroad, none of the others travel style factors (H9 to H15) seem to have any significant impact towards evoked set which leads to the rejection of the respective hypotheses. As expected, social stimuli have a significant influence on individuals' risk perception (H21 accepted), however neither the former nor the latter have a valuable impact on evoked set (rejection of H2 and H8). Besides, since the influence of social stimuli towards experience is not significant, also H22 has to be rejected. Experience influences information (H19 accepted) but the latter does not affect significantly the evoked set (H1 rejected). Both H4 as well as H5, referring respectively to the perceived images of German agri-tourism as a wellness destination and the traditional image of the German farm tourism have to be rejected. Finally, none of the demographic data included in the model explains significantly the variance of the factor evoked set. Therefore neither H16 nor H17 has been accepted. As far as the interrelation between sport and nature (H18) and family and action (H20) are concerned, the stated relationship among these variables has been statistically confirmed. Our path model based on partial least squares shows the factors influencing the preference for farm tourism in Germany. Among others value for money and experience are the most significant ones. Practical implications are discussed.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.81-96
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• 1994

The primary purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting health promoting lifestyles of college students on the basis of Pender's Health Promotion Model. The subjects were 1,159 students of one university in Seoul. These data were collected by self reporting questionnaire from April 19 to May 3, 1993. This study examined health promoting lifestyles, cognitive-percep-tual factors: perceived health status, perceived importance of health, health locus of control, and health conception, and modifying factors: sex, grade, major, residence type, and attendance at a health care course. The instruments used in this study were Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile by Walker et al. (1987), Health Value Scale by Wallston et al. (1976), Health Locus of Control by Wallston et al. (1978), and Health Conception Scale by Laffrey(1986). The data were analyzed by Cronbach's $\alpha$, mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression with SPSS PC+ Program. The results were as follows : 1. The means of health promoting lifestyles revealed total 3.33, self actualization 3.74, health responsibility 2.72, exercise 2.80, nutrition 3.55, interpersonal surpport 3.76, and stress management 2.96. Interpersonal support showed the highest score and health responsibility showed the lowest score. 2. No significant differences between sex, grade, major, and residence type, and health promoting lifestyles Were founded(p>.05). Attendants at a health care course showed a significant higher score than nonattendants (p<.001). Male showed a significant higher score in exercise subscale, female showed significant higher scores in health responsibility, nutrition, interpersonal support, stress management subscales(p<.001), residence type showed a significant difference in nutrition subscale(p<.001). 3. No significant differences between perceived health status and sex, grade, major, residence type, and attendance at a health care course were founded(p>.05). Perceived importance of health showed no differences among sex, grade, major, and residence type(p>.05), showed only in attendance at a health care course (p<.001). Attendants at a health care course showed a significant higher score than nonattendants(p<.001). No significant differences between health conception and sex, grade, major, and residence type were founded (p>.05), only significant difference between health conception and attendance at a health care course was founded(p<.05). Nonattendants showed a significant higher score in clinical health conception, attendants showed a significant higher score in wellbeing health conception(p<.05). 4. A significant positive correlation between health promoting lifestyles and perceived health status was founded(r=.2415, p<.001). A significant positive correlation between health promoting lifestyles and perceived importance of health was founded (r=.1475, p<.001). The health promoting lifestyles revealed significant positive correlations in internal and powerful others locus of control (r=.3187, p<.001: r=.1475, p<.001), but revealed a significant negative correlation in chance locus of control(r=-.997, p<.001). A significant positive correlation between health promoting lifestyles and clinical health conception and wellbeing health conception were founded (r=.1241, p<.001 : r=.3047, p<.001). 5. Perceived health status was the highest factor predicting health promoting lifestyles of college students(R=.3415, $R^2=11.62$). Perceived health' status, perceived improtance of health, internal locus of control, wellbeing health conception, powerful others locus of control accounted for 28.19% in health promoting lifestyle patterns. In conclusion, college students who reported more helath promoting lifestyles evaluated their health positively, perceived importance of health highly, perceived their health as affected by theirselves, powerful others but not by chance or luck, and accepted health as high level wellness rather than merely the absence of illness. Those who attending at a health care course had healthier lifestyle patterns. And attendance at a health care course had significant. correlations in these cognitive-perceptual factors. Further studies are required to identify reasons of attending a health care course, and to compare health promoting lifestyles pre-post attending a course related to health care.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.631-658
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 과학고 졸업생들을 대상으로 이들의 과학고 재학시 학업 성취 수준(고성취, 저성취)에 따라 이들의 향후 성취(최종학력, 창의적 업적물 수) 수준, 직업 및 소득이 다르게 나타나는지, 그리고 이들의 삶 및 직업 선택에 영향을 준 인물은 누구였는지에 대해 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 전국 18개 과학고를 졸업한 성인들 중 2001년 이전에 졸업한 성인 총 244명(만 28.00세~42.84세)을 최종분석 대상으로 선정하여 설문분석을 실시하였고, 설문 참여자들 중 13명을 선정하여 면대면 심층인터뷰를 실시하였다. 과학고 졸업생들의 과학고 재학시 학업 성취 수준이 상위 30%에 해당하는 이들을 고성취 집단으로, 하위 30%에 해당하는 이들을 저성취 집단으로 분류하였다. 그 결과, 이들 두 집단의 최종학력 수준과 창의적 업적물 수는 유의한 차이를 보였는데, 저성취 집단에 비해 고성취 집단에서 박사과정 이상의 고학력 소지자가 더 많았으며, 창의적 업적물을 많이 낸 과학고 졸업생들의 비중도 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 전문과학군에 종사하는 과학고 졸업생들은 고성취집단의 과반수이상을 차지한데 반해, 저성취 집단에서는 비전문과학군(일반군)에 종사하는 과학고 졸업생들의 비중이 과반수이상을 차지한 것으로 나타났다. 아울러, 고성취 집단에서 고소득자가 더욱 많이 분포되었으며, 직장 내에서 창의적 능력이 요구된다고 응답한 비중이 저성취 집단에서와 달리 무려 86%를 상회하는 것으로 나타났다. 이들 두 집단 모두 삶과 직업선택에 영향을 가장 많이 준 인물로 부모가 가장 많이 지목되었으며, 그 다음으로 스승이 지목되었다. 이러한 설문 연구결과는 인터뷰 결과와도 일치하는데, 과학고 졸업생들의 삶과 직업선택은 그 당시 처해진 사회적 상황과 생활 속 밀접하게 상호작용한 주변인물(부모님, 교사, 선후배)로부터 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났으며, 주변인물에 대한 주관적 인식에 있어서는 두 집단 간 다소 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.103-128
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• 1997

The object of this study is to evaluate the possibility of chemical-induced liver disorder among workers exposed to various chemicals and to classify the the liver function abnormalities by causes and to analyse the risk factors for each liver disorders. A cross-sectional study including questionnaire survey, physical examination, laboratory tests and ultrasonography of liver was conducted on 1,126 workers, 459 workers in a coal chemical plant(company A) and 667 workers in an insulation material manufacturing factory(company B). An industrial hygienist reviewed the chemicals used in both companies and evaluated the work environments to classify the workers by chemical exposure semiquantitatively. The results are as follows: 1. Of 459 workers in company A, 83 workers(18.1%) are classified as nonexposed, group 163(35,5%) as short-term exposure group, 155(33.8%) as intermediately exposed group and 58(12.6%) as long-term exposed group bared on the mean daily exposure to hepatotoxic chemicals evaluated by an industrial hygienist. Of 667 workers in company B, 484(72.6%) workers were classified as nonexposed and 183(35.5%) as exposed group. 2. Workers with SGOT level higher than 40 IU/l were (10.0%) in company A and 77(11.5%) in company 3, and those with SGPT level higher than 35 IU/l were 118(25.7%) in company A and 198(29.7%) in company B. The differences were not significant between companies and between exposure groups(p>0.05). Workers with $\gamma-GT$ level higher than 62 IU/l were 29(6.3%) in company A and 77(11.5%) in company B (p<0.01). The difference between exposure groups was not significant(p>0.05) within companies. Workers with liver function abnormalities(defined as SGOT higher than 40 IU/l or SGPT higher than 35 IU/l) were 338(30.0%) among 1,126 workers. Of 338 workers with live. function abnormalities 139(12.3%) had fatty liver by ultrasonography, 79(7.0%) had alcoholic liver(defined as workers with liver function abnormalities with weekly alcohol consumption greater than 280 g for more than 5 years), 54(4.8%) had hepatitis B, 12(1.1%) had hepatitis C and the other 114(33.7%) was not otherwise classified. Prevalences of alcoholic liver and fatty liver were significantly lower in company A(prevalence ratio 0.24 for alcoholic liver, p<0.001, prevalence ratio 0.76 for fatty liver, p<0.05) but prevalences of liver disorders between exposure groups within companies were not significant(p>0.05). 3. Summary prevalence ratios(SPR) of live. function abnormalities, fatty live. and other liver disorders, adjusted by age and company were not significantly higher in exposed group in any chemicals(p>0.05) but in some chemicals, SPRs were significantly lower. 4. On simple analysis of risk factors for liver function abnormalities, prevalence odds ratio(POR) of those with age between 30 and 39 was 1.54(p<0.01) and those with age ever 40 was 1.51(p<0.01). POR of those with histories of liver disorders and general anesthesia was 1.77(p<0.001) and 4.02 for those with overweight and 6.23 for those with obesity, defined by body mass index(p<0.001). 5. On logistic regression analysis, risk factors of liver function abnormality were fatty liver(POR 2.92 for grade 1, 12.15 for grade 2), presence of hepatitis B surface antigen(POR 3.62) and obesity(POR 5.38 for overweight and 16.52 for obesity). Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen(POR 0.18) was the only preventive facto. of fatty live. Company(POR 0.30) and obesity(POR 2.49 for overweight, 4.52 for obesity) were related to the alcoholic live. Obesity(POR 2.94 for overweight) was the only significant risk factor of hepatitis B and there was no significant risk factor for liver function abnormality not otherwise classified. It is concluded that the evidence of liver disorder related with chemical exposure is not evident in these factories. It is also postulated that fatty liver and alcoholic liver is most common causes of liver function abnormalities among workers and effort for weight control and improvement of life style should be done.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.742-753
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• 2008

본 연구는 우리나라 충청지역 농촌 주민을 대상으로 고혈압전단계와 고혈압의 위험 요인을 파악하고자 2006년 1${\sim}$2월 사이에 보건복지부 질병관리본부 한국인유전체역학조사사업에 참여한 40${\sim}$70세 사이의 금산군 주민 994명에 대한 자료를 분석하였다. 전체 대상자 중 이미 고혈압의 진단을 받아 혈압강하제를 복용하는 170명을 제외한 824명을 대상자로 선정하고, 2003년 JNC7 보고서에서 발표한 고혈압 기준에 따라 정상혈압군, 고혈압 전단계군, 고혈압군으로 나누어 세 군간의 일반적 특성, 식습관 및 생활습관, 신체계측치와 체구성 및 혈액의 생화학성분의 농도차이를 살펴보았다. 조사대상자들 중 정상혈압군은 23.3%, 고혈압 전단계군은 39.7%, 고혈압군은 37.0%로 분포하였고, 혈압이 높을 수록 평균연령이 높았다. 고혈압 전단계군에서는 여자와 50대의 비율이 높았고, 고혈압군에서는 남자와 60대와 70대, 그리고 당뇨병전단계와 당뇨병에 속한 사람의 비율이 다른 두 군에 비해 높았다. 혈압수준별로 과거와 현재 흡연, 음주빈도, 음주량, 운동횟수의 백분율은 유의적인 차이를 보였으나, 흡연량, 음주유무, 운동의 규칙성, 식습관의 분포에서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않아 흡연, 음주, 운동 등 생활습관은 빈도가 양적인 면 보다 혈압에 더 영향을 미칠수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 체질량지수는 정상혈압군에 비해 고혈압 전단계군과 고혈압군이 높았고, 허리-엉덩이 둘레비는 고혈압군, 고혈압 전단계군, 정상혈압군 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 체중과 체질량지수, 허리-엉덩이 둘레비와 혈압간에는 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 혈청성분 중에서 혈청 알부민, 크레아티닌, 공복혈당, 당부하 2시간 후 혈당, 혈청중성지방농도가 고혈압 전단계군과 고혈압군에서 정상혈압군에 비해 모두 높게 나타났고, 혈청 총단백은 혈압 단계별로 높았다. 혈압과 양의 상관성을 나타낸 요인은 위에서 언급된 요인들과 함께 혈중요소질소이었다. 혈압수준에 영향을 주는 위험요인에 대한 고혈압 전단계군과 고혈압군의 교차비 계산 결과, 남자, 50대 연령 과거흡연, 음주빈도, 체질량지수, 체지방율, 허리둘레, 허리-엉덩이둘레비, 당뇨병, 혈청 알부민농도는 고혈압 전단계와 고혈압의 공통 위험요인으로 나타났으며, 이들 모든 변수에서 고혈압의 위험도가 고혈압 전단계보다 더 높았다. 혈압수준별로 각기 다르게 나타난 위험요인은 고혈압 전단계의 경우 25 이상의 BMI와 혈청요소질소이었고, 고혈압의 경우, 60${\sim}$70대 연령, 교육유무, 고혈압 가족력, 당뇨전단계, 당부하 2시간 후 혈당, 혈청 총단백, 음주량이었다. 즉 고혈압전단계의 예방을 위해서는 음주, 흡연, 체중 관리외에 50대 연령에서 혈청 요소질소가 증가하지 않도록 섭취와 운동, 체중관리에 주의가 요구되며, 고혈압의 예방을 위해서는 특히 고혈압의 가족력이 있는 경우, 당뇨 및 혈당증가 방지나 음주량의 제한등 위험 요인을 줄이는 것이 중요하다. 결론적으로 고혈압 전단계의 위험요인에는 생활습관, 체지방, 혈청성분등 상대적으로 회복이 가능한 요인들이 관련되나, 고혈압은 회복하기 힘든 가족력이나 당뇨병 전단계 등이 위험요인으로 작용할 수 있음을 나타내었다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권5B호
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• pp.603-614
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• 2008

가정용수의 용도별 사용량은 주거형태, 거주자 생활양식, 주택구조 등의 내부적인 요인과 온도, 날씨, 수도요금 등과 같은 다양한 외부요인들의 영향을 받게 된다. 장기적으로는 거주민의 생활양식, 주거형태, 수도관련 시설의 변화 등에 따라 사용량이 점진적으로 변화하게 되며, 단기적으로는 기온이나 가뭄과 같은 기후조건이나 절수정책과 같은 인위적인 영향에 의해 사용량이 크게 변화하기도 한다. 용수수요에 영향을 미치는 인자에 대한 분석과 이해는 사용량의 변화원인과 경향을 설명해주고 여러가지 인자와의 상관관계를 분석함으로서 물사용패턴과 향후 수요를 예측하는데 도움을 준다. 본 연구에서는 가정용수의 용도별 사용량 실측자료를 바탕으로 사용패턴과 사용량에 미치는 영향인자를 분석하기 위하여 요일별, 월별, 계절별 사용량을 비교하고, 또한 가구특성, 기온 등의 외부인자에 의해 영향을 받는 용도에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 가정용수의 사용패턴을 분석한 결과, 토요일에 사용량이 가장 많고, 월간 중에는 7월의 사용량이 가장 높았으며, 월별 사용량의 첨두율은 평균대비 1.12로 나타났다. 기온에 따른 용도별 사용경향에서 총량용수는 $-14^{\circ}C{\sim}0^{\circ}C$까지 물사용량이 급격하게 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, $0^{\circ}C$이상에서는 큰 변화양상을 보이지 않았다. 반면에 세면, 세탁, 욕조용수는 $0^{\circ}C$이상에서도 점진적인 증가경향을 보였으나, 변기용수는 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 기온에 대한 용도별 사용량의 상관관계 분석결과 세면용수가 상관계수 0.73으로 상관성이 가장 높았으며, 변기용수는 -0.14로 매우 낮은 음의 상관성을 보였다. 각 인자별로 가정용수 사용량 원단위의 차이에 대한 유의성 여부를 검토하기 위하여 주택유형, 실거주인수, 가족구성, 건평, 수입, 맞벌이여부, 절수형변기, 비데기유무 등에 대하여 분산분석을 수행한 결과, 주택유형의 경우 욕조용수의 사용량에 차이가 발견되었고, 실거주인수는 싱크대, 변기, 기타, 총량용수에서 유의한 차이가 발견되었다. 특히 실거주인수는 세면과 욕조를 제외한 모든 용도별 사용량에서 유의한 차이를 보여 거주인수의 증감에 따라 용도별 사용량의 차이가 분명히 발생하며, 이는 향후 가구당 용수사용량을 설계하는 경우 평균 거주인수에 대한 신중한 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 이러한 가정용수의 용도별 사용특성 분석결과는 수요예측, 수요관리 정책수립, 수도관련 기자재 및 시설의 규격결정 등에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.455-462
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• 2004

토마토에는 라이코펜과 quercetin, phytoene, phytofluene, cyclolycopene, salicylates 그리고 tomatlne과 같은 다양한 생리활성 물질들이 함유되어 있으며, 이들은 라이코펜과 함께 항암작용에 관여하는 것으로 사료된다. 생리적 농도에서 라이코펜은 세포주기의 정지(arrest)와 세포 자가사멸을 통한 암세포의 생존률을 감소시키고, 사이클린을 조절하며, 세포간의 연락체계를 증가시키는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 라이코펜은 산화에 민감하여 매우 쉽게 산화물질을 만든다. 토마토 제품의 섭취는 혈중 phytoene, phytofluene 그리고 라이코펜 산화물질인 cyclolycopene의 농도를 유의적으로 증가시켰다. 또한 토마토나 토마토 제품을 통한 라이코펜의 섭취는 혈중 라이코펜의 농도를 최고 1.26 $\mu$M까지 증가시켰다. 다양한 암 부위 (cancer sites)를 통한 19건의 동물실험결과, 10건의 실험에서 라이코펜이 효과가 입증되었고, 7건의 실험에서는 통계적인 유의성이 밝혀지지 않았고, 2건의 전립선암 실험에서는 억제효과를 보이지 않았다. 임상실험에서 라이코펜 섭취와 토마토 제품섭취군 모두 백혈구와 전립선에서 의 DNA 산화물질을 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 라이코펜은 암화과정을 방해하는 생리활성 물질로 밝혀졌으나 phytoene, phytofluene 그리고 cyclolycopene의 역할에 관해서는 아직 밝혀져 있지 않다. 따라서 라이코펜과 토마토에 함유되어 있는 다른 식물성 화학성분들(phytochemicals) 간의 상호작용에 관해서는 좀 더 구체적이고 신뢰성 있는 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.220-237
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• 2014

본 연구는 서울과 경기지역에 거주하며 외식경험이 있는 55세 이상의 노년소비자의 개인가치와 라이프스타일이 외식업체 선택속성에 미치는 영향관계를 파악함으로써 고령화 사회를 목전에 두고 있는 시점에서 외식기업의 경영활동과 그 성과를 극대화 할 수 있는 방안을 마련함에 있어 그 기초적인 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 기존의 연구논문을 바탕으로 관련 변수를 추출하고 모형과 가설을 설정하여 설문조사를 통해 본 연구의 결과는 노년소비자가 라이프스타일 활동지향형 요인 즉, 최신의 경향과 유행을 따르며 새로운 일에 도전하는 것을 즐겨하는 편이며, 때로는 열정적인 즐거움을 경험하고 싶어 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 외적가치를 지향하는 노년소비자는 라이프스타일에 있어서 비교적 다양한 형태를 나타내는 것으로 나타났으며, 원칙지향형은 편안하게 이야기할 수 있으면서 조용하고 휴식을 취할 수 있는 주변사람들로부터 평판이 좋은 곳을 주로 선택하며 활동지향형은 부대시설이나 노인 특가 할인된 메뉴와 서비스가 친절하며 가격이 저렴하다면 다소 멀어도 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 노년소비자의 개인가치와 라이프스타일에 따라 외식업체 선택속성 기준이 달라질 수 있다는 것을 의미하는 것으로 보다 전국적인 범위로 외식업체를 직접 방문하여 노년소비자를 대상으로 한 보완적인 연구를 바탕으로 노년외식소비자가 지향하는 가치와 외식업체 선택속성을 파악함으로써 향후 외식 기업의 활성화와 노년소비자 시장의 마켓팅 전략 수립에 긍정적인 영향을 가져올 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2007

The aim of the study was to see if there is any differences in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) and 2-naphthol levels in children ($8{\sim}14$ years old) and their mothers ($30{\sim}46$ years old) living three cities in South Korea (Seoul, Incheon and Pohang) and three in China (Changchun, Datong and Kunming), where the levels of air pollution varies. The factors related with urinary biomarkers levels were also evaluated. The study subjects consisted of 118 Korean (60 children and 58 their mothers) and 120 Chinese (60 children and 60 their mothers). Urinary 1-OHPG was measured by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy after immuno-affinity purification using monoclonal antibody 8E11 and urinary 2-naphthol concentrations were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detector. Information on recent consumption of diet containing high PAHs, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), type of cooking and heating fuels, and other life-style characteristics were collected by self-administered questionnaire. The arithmetic mean of urinary 1-OHPG levels (n = 120, $mean{\pm}SD$, $6.77{\pm}7.96{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine) in Chinese were 10 fold higher than those in Korean (n = 118, $0.62{\pm}0.61{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine) (P < 0.01). Urinary 2-naphthol levels in Chinese (n = 119, $59.50{\pm}82.29{\mu}g/g$ creatinine) were significantly higher than those in Korean (n = 117, $25.09{\pm}46.56{\mu}g/g$ creatinine) (P < 0.01). Urinary 1-OHPG and 2-naphthol levels were significantly higher in children living the polluted cities in China (Datong and Chanchun, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that living in factory area (vs. residential area) and use of coal stove as heating fuel were significant predictors for urinary 1-OHPG (overall model $R^2$= 0.46, n = 204). And ETS was predictor for urinary 2-naphthol levels in Korean ($R^2$ = 0.36, n = 46). These results indicated that urinary 1-OHPG and 2-naphthol levels were related with different ambient particulate air pollution, type of heating fuels and ETS.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.443-451
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• 1999

Objective: To examine the relationship between hypertension prevalence and the four commonest anthropometric measurements for obesity(body mass index(BMI), wasit-hip ratio(WHR), waist circumference(WC) and body fat in Korean adults. Methods: We studied the cross-sectional association of the anthropometric indices and blood pressure in 1,197 individuals(who were participants in the population-based cohort study). Hypertension was defined as blood pressure $\geq160/95\;mmHg$ or current use of antihypertensive medication. Informations on life-style factors were obtained from personal interview. Results: There were close associations between BMI, WHR and WC with blood pressure in both men and women. After age adjustment, BMI and WC showed significantly positive correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in both men and women. Odds ratio(ORs) of being hypertensive were estimated comparing the highest to the lowest quantile, adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol intake levels, education attainment. The simultaneously adjusted ORs of being hypertensive, comparing the highest vs the lowest categories, was for BMI 2.0(95% confidence interval(CI)=0.9-3.2) in men and 3.2 (95% CI=1.7-6.1) in women, for WC 2.1(95% CI=1.0-4.4) in men and 3.1 (95% CI=1.6-5.9) in women, for fat(%) 4.2(95% CI=1.9-9.5) in men and 2.1(95% CI=1.2-3.6) in women. Conclusion: In addition to measures of overall obesity(BMI) as well as central obesity(WHR, WC), body fat(%) was independently associated with prevalence of hypertension. Among obesity indices, body fat was the most predictor variable in hypertensive state in male and BMI was in female.