• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.145-156
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• 2014

Objectives: Korean medicine hospitals, since they first emerged in the early 1970s, have rapidly become a new member of the hospital population. As it was a new organizational frame for traditional medicine, we tried to analyze the changes of Korean medicine hospitals coping with institutional environment and their relative positioning in the whole health care sector. Methods: On the basis of Scott and his colleagues' identification of the three components of institutional environments, changes in organizational logics, actors, and governance of Korean medicine hospitals during the period from 1971 to 2010 were analyzed. Results: First, Similar to previous literature on institutional eras of Korean health sector, three distinct periods were characterized: the foundation of Korean medicine hospitals to consolidate the legal status(1971~1986), a rapid increase of entrepreneurial hospitals through cultural-cognitive legitimacy(1987~2001), and the reinforcement of specialization and competition(2002~present). Conclusions: Results suggested that: (1) changes in institutional environments hada heavy impact on structural and behavioral changes among Korean medicine hospitals, but the pace was slower than that of western medicine hospitals. (2) In structure, Korean medicine hospitals have positioned themselves as unofficial long-term care hospitals, focusing on chronic diseases(e.g. cerebrovascular disease). Our study demonstrated that organizational theories can provide useful framework for the analysis of Korean medicine and related policies. Indeed, one of the most important implications of this study is that understanding changes in institutional environments is important to understand the process of how members of the health care sector live, grow, change, decline and survive.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.243-250
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• 2014

This study examined the knowledge and understanding of integrative medicine in Korea, specifically conflicts between western and oriental medicine within Parallel (Dual) health care systems. Qualitative methodology using grounded theory guided semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Western Medical Doctors (W.M.D., n = 6), Oriental Medical Doctors (O.M.D., n = 5) and Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners (T.C.M.P., n = 4). Thematic analysis was used to determine broad themes from the interviews. 15 professionals (W.M.D. (40%), O.M.D. (33%), T.C.M.P. (27%), 10 males (67%) and 5 females (33%), mean age 45) were interviewed, recorded, and transcribed. Thematic analysis revealed three key themes: systematic conflicts, integration and future directions. Subthemes of systematic conflicts included: credibility of Oriental Medicine, commercial imperatives, maintaining social standing of O.M.D., professional qualifications and lack structures supporting collaborative practice. Integration subthemes included lack of academic linkage and clarity for appropriate triage, opposing medical paradigms and limited social imperative. Future directions should include: social justification, guarantee of oriental medicine legitimacy, role of government and understanding of scientific evidence. To successfully integrate dual medical systems there is a need to address differences in social-environmental factors and perceptions of scientific understanding, as well as developing strong academic links in clinical practice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.133-146
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• 2015

King and Crown Prince's Gwanbok (冠服) written in "Goryeosa" Yeobokji was the bestowment of robes and crowns by the Son of Heaven who yielded hegemony over East Asia. It designated the King and Crown Prince of Goryeo as real and authentic as well as confirmed the political status of Goryeo in East Asia. In "Goryeosa" Yeobokji, the King's Gwanbok is of higher stature than the adornments of the King's ritual robes (祭服) and court robes (朝服) which held a domestic political significance. In East Asia, bestowment of voiture (車) and robe (服) usually appeared in the multistate system. In the $10^{th}$ century, the Later Jin (後晋) spread the idea of investiture and bestowment to Khitan (契丹). The Liao (遼) or Khitan and the Jin (金), the Conquest Dynasties, endeavored to establish the legitimacy of the Son of Heaven by imitating Sinocentrism by means of investiture and bestowment. In the reign of XingZong (興宗) and DaoZong (道宗) of Liao, the ritual of investiture and bestowment for Goryeo was in the making, adding titles and bestowments in the occasion of the elevation of Emperor Liao's honorific title. King Munjong (文宗) of Goryeo reached 9-bestowment which symbolized the first of the feudal lords in East Asia. This exceptional respect for Goryeo went on to Jin's investiture and bestowment. From then, 9-bestowment was defined as an international decorum (禮) toward Goryeo. This historical study of Gwanbok (冠服) of "Goryeosa", indicates: First, the King's Ceremonial Robe with Nine-symbol Design were designated from the early to middle of the Goryeo Dynasty by investiture and bestowment from the Conquest Dynasties. Second, the bestowed King's Robe and Crown had simultaneous functions for domestic order and international order. Goryeo did not follow ideological Sinocentrism but followed practical interest by accepting Confucian Li (禮) philosophy passed on through the Conquest Dynasties.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.32-39
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• 2012

This research focuses on finding the way of improving creativity in fire stations by scrutinizing the factors influencing and enhancing creativity in organizations. As environmental changes including the needs of citizens as well as the climate change are moving culminated today, fire stations should be changed appropriately to get the legitimacy of existence not to mention their own mission accomplishments. In this respect, the creativity can be expected as the main factor for fire stations' going concern. This research provided 5 hypotheses to find whether the chosen factors such as vision, learning/unlearning and positive feedback affect the creativity in fire stations. To prove hypotheses are valid, we employed survey as a method in which 155 firemen in Seoul responded, ending up with getting the result that the vision formulation and sharing, unlearning activities and positive feedback improve organizational creativity. In conclusion, this paper suggests that fire stations establish useful policies for the creativity based on these research findings.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.46
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• pp.145-177
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• 2001

This paper seeks to analyze how the welfare state has developed both in the Kim Young Sam government and in the Kim Dae Jung government. Among other things, the two governments share some similarities: compared to the previous authoritarian governments, both of them enjoyed a high level of democratic legitimacy; the two were under pressure to win the elections to acquire and remain in power; and finally, the two tried to strengthen welfare system. But there exist more critical differences. The Kim Dae Jung government was a minority government, while the Kim Young Sam government was a majority one. Compared to the latter one, the former came to power in an extremely bad economic condition. Fortunately, however, the Kim Dae Jung government was able to enjoy a relatively high level of state autonomy resulting from an exceptional situation of foreign currency crisis. In addition, it was more reformist in policy orientation and had a more open cooperative network with civil society. All these differences added up to produce remarkable differences with regard to the improvement in welfare development. Especially, it is noted that the Kim Dae Jung government was very successful in several respects: provision of national minimum, integration of national medical insurance, development of productive welfare system, and final1y increase in welfare spending. Recently, criticisms from the opposition party, the press, and middle and upper class people mount against the Kim Dae Jung government which has made significant mistakes in instituting the separation of medical and pharmaceutical businesses. However, the important improvements in welfare institutions and programs by the Kim Dae Jung government need to be maintained to deal with all the negative effects of a naked market economy. They must also be sustained to keep alive democracy that Korean people have fought for nearly half a century.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.615-641
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• 1999

Trade and the environment emerged as a major and complex issue for trade negotiators in the final stages of the Uruguay Round negotiations. The agreements and other international measures employing trade measures and trade sanctions for achieving global environmental objectives are Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer(1985), the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer(1987), The Framework Convention on Climate Change(1992), the Convention on Biological Diversity(1992), the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal(1992), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faunna and Flora(1975), the Rio Declaration, the Agenda 21, etc. The texts of the World Trade Organization(WTO) incorporated certain provisions which were designed to reflect some of the environmental concerns are Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Properity Rights(TRIPs), Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS), and Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT) There is the possibility of conflict between multilateral environmental agreements and WTO agreements granting waivers against trade measures and sanctions. This remains a possibility, especially between countries which are Member of WTO and which are not Members of the relevant multilateral environment agreements, and countries which are Members of both the WTO and the relevant MEAs. Measures taken under the trade-related provisions of MEAs could potentially give rise to conflicts under obligations arising in WTO texts. If the parties in dispute are WTO members while they are not members of MEAs, the WTO provisions can be granted a certain priority in terms of international norms and vice versa. When the parties concerned are both WTO members and MEAs, it will be rational to grant the WTO provisions a priority. However, such measures should neither constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where similar conditions prevail, nor create a disguised restriction on trade. Also any trade measures taken should be necessary to prevent developments in trade from endangering the effectiveness of an MEA and they should be proportional and least trade restrictive.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 2013

Remote user authentication is a method, in which remote server verifies the legitimacy of a user over an common communication channel. Currently, smart card based remote user authentication schemes have been widely adopted due to their low computational cost and convenient portability for the mutual authentication. 2009 years, Wang et al.'s proposed a dynamic ID-based remote user authentication schemes using smart cards. They presented that their scheme preserves anonymity of user, has the feature of storing password chosen by the server, and protected from several attacks. However, in this paper, I point out that Wang et al.'s scheme has practical vulnerability. I found that their scheme does not provide anonymity of a user during authentication. In addition, the user does not have the right to choose a password. And his scheme is vulnerable to limited replay attacks. In particular, the parameter y to be delivered to the user is ambiguous. To overcome these security faults, I propose an enhanced authentication scheme, which covers all the identified weakness of Wang et al.'s scheme and an efficient user authentication scheme that preserve perfect anonymity to both the outsider and remote server.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2011

Double meaning inherent in the film is interpreted in the same context as it's called ambiguity in the literature. Ambiguity means that one word or one sentence can be interpreted in two or more meanings. In the movie, one behavior of a character, a prop or a costume with two or more meanings faces the audience. A famous French direct Francois Ozon said "The director has always made movie contrary to his/her latest movie." This means that the film should seek to reform and it's his philosophy about the movie. Actually, it's the film's basis that a movie breaks the taboo. The film has always challenged taboos and led the progressivism. Taboos of western films are more intense than our country's moral and ethical level. Their taboos are to deny the sacred and legitimacy of Christianity. Particularly, as many people talk about the film to deny the divinity of Jesus Christ, it's sufficient to elicit an argument pro and con. This study is to choose the movie "Perfume"of director Tom Tykwer as a text, examine the highly elaborate and strategical double meaning in the movie and analyze the western taboos to deceive the audience skillfully.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.105-108
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• 2020

These days abattoirs' hygiene of Korea is regulated by Hazzard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). Although 20 years have been left since first HACCP was adjusted in Korea, 12% of abattoirs got inconsistence on evaluations. Food poisoning caused by bacteria feces like pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella has not decreased. These bacteria on meat cross-contaminate at the abattoir. Therefore, field verification of abattoir's critical control point (CCP) and experiments to find alternative ways of the CCP were conducted. The aerobic bacteria were measured before and after high-pressure water based washing process set as CCP in most abattoirs. Four parts of cattle carcasses were selected to apply sponge-swab method. The effects were < 1 log reduction which is not significant. Lactic acid (LC), chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) were used to measure the effect of reducing bacteria on beef by the different time. LC has 1.24-2.02 log reduction for aerobic bacteria. ClO₂ has 1.44-1.96 log reduction for aerobic bacteria. SAEW has 1.1-1.91 log reduction for aerobic bacteria. There was significant difference according to concentrations (p < 0.05). This study presents legitimacy for hygiene improvement of CCP by field verification. In addition, chemical disinfectants that can be mechanically applied have better reduction effects of high-pressure washing.

• School Mathematics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.625-642
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• 2009

This paper presents an overview of theories about ethnomathematics to seek for implications for multicultural mathematics education. Initiated by anthropological inquiries into mathematics outside of Europe, research of ethnomathematics has revealed the facets of mathematics as a historicocultural construct of a community. Specifically, it has been shown that mathematics is culturally relative knowledge system situated within a certain communal epistemological norms. This implies that indigenous mathematics, which had traditionally been regarded as primitive and marginal knowledge, is a historicocultural construct whose legitimacy is conferred by the system of the communal epistemological norms. The recognition of the cultural facets in mathematics has faciliated the reconsideration of what is legitimate mathematics. what is mathematical competence, and what teaching and learning mathematics is an about. This paper inquires multicultral discourses of mathematics education that research of ethnomathematics provides and identifies its implications concerning multicultural mathematics education.