• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.13 no.2 s.39
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• pp.9-13
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• 2006

The copper lines in COF are usually fabricated by subtractive method. As the width of lines are smaller, the subtractive method has a lateral etching problems. In semi-additive method, copper lines are fabricated by lithographic technique followed by electroplating method. Fine line patterns of $10-40{\mu}m$ were used for this study. Two different types of thick photoresist, AZ4620 and PMER900, were employed for PR mold. Copper lines were fabricated by electroplating method. The crack were found in fine copper lines due to high residual stress when normal copper electroplating bath were used. The via filling copper electroplating bath were replaced the normal electroplating bath and then cracks were not found in the fine copper lines. During substrate etching, the lateral etching of copper lines were not occurred.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.529-537
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• 2013

The aim of the current study is to develop a nonlinear isoparametric layered frame finite element (FE) analysis of FRP strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beam or column members by a force-based FE formulation. In sections, concrete is modeled in the triaxial stress-strain relationship state and the FRP sheet is modeled as layered composite materials in two-dimension. The element stiffness matrix derived by the force-based FE has the force-interpolation functions without assuming the displacement shape functions. A lateral load test of RC column strengthened by GFRP sheets was analyzed by the developed force-based FE model. From comparative studies of the experimental and analysis results, it was shown to compare with the stiffness FE method that the force-based FE analysis could give more accurate predictions in the overall lateral load-deflection response as well as in nonlinear deformations and damages in the column plastic hinge region.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2010

This type of neuropathic pain(atypical odontalgia) is seen most often in middle-aged women or men after dentoalveolar operation. Atypical odontalgia probably is caused by deafferentation leading to intraneural changes in the medullary dorsal horn. Treatment of this problem is difficult, but some success has been reported in uncontrolled, open-labeled studies using high doses of tricyclic antidepressants. This is the management report of a patient case, that had a neuropathic atypical odontalgia recognized with the right maxillary lateral incisor. The patient was consulted to the Department of Pain Clinics, ENT & Neurology and diagnosed the adenoid cystic carcinoma on left cerebellum and right paranasal sinus with extension to the cavernous sinus. In spite of the osteoplastic craniotomy, neurosurgical mass removal and radiation therapy were done with chemotherapy, atypical odontalgia was continued. In addition to the consultation to Psychology, stress management and antidepressant medication were done and improved slowly.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 1997

The effect of various supplies of lead singly and in combination with aluminium on growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis was investigated in 7-day-old Vigna angularis seedlings. Expose to 50 uM Pb or more drastically reduced root elongation rate. Significant depressions in root growth was observed within 1 day and no recovery of growth was seen over the duration of treatment period. Root elongation decreased depending on the Pb concentrations. Root growth inhibition was stronger than shoot growth inhibition. The initiation of lateral roots appeared to be more sensitive to Pb than the growth of main roots. Inhibition of root and shoot elongation by Pb was lessened by combined exposure of Pb and Al, suggesting that the presence of Al reverse the inhibitory effect of Pb alone. With the histochemical sodium rhodizonate method the rate of Pb uptake was dependent on the Pb concentration and exposure time of the roots to Pb salts. Pb was first deposited on the root surface and then translocated radially in the root cap cells. During a longer Pb administration (up to 72 h) Pb penetration was nonuniform, with accumulation within the cortex or endodermis. There was drastic reduction in chlorophyll content by Pb. The Pb inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis was concentration dependent. $\delta-Aminolevulinic$ acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity exhibited distinct inhibition from control. Reduction in chlorophyll content was accompanied by proportional changes in ALAD activity. Chlorophyll content and ALAD activity were less affected by combined exposure of Pb and Al, suggesting that Al has a protective effect against the inhibiting action of Pb on photosynthetic activity.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2005

In a tunnel, failure of its supports can cause failure of the tunnel. Therefore it is important to estimate safety factor of the tunnel which the failure of its supports is taken into account. In previous studies, supports of tunnels were usually modelled as beam elements. The failure of the supports was decided by comparing the allowable stress and the calculated bending stresses inside the beam elements in estimating safety factor of the tunnel considering the failure of its supports. In this study, it is suggested how to model the supports properly. To this end, supports of a tunnel were modelled by both beam (elastic) elements and continuum (elasto-plastic) elements in two dimensional numerical analyses. Meanwhile, it was analyzed how rock mass class, coefficient of lateral pressure, shotcrete thickness, the existence of rock bolt, and excavation method had an effect on the safety factor of a tunnel.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 2016

The pile-cap connection part which transfers foundation loads through pile body is critical element regarding flexural and shear force because the change of area, stress, and stiffness occurs in the this region suddenly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural behavior of pile-cap connection dependent on fabrication methods using conventional PHC pile and composite PHC pile. A series of test under cyclic lateral load was performed and the connection behavior was discussed. From the test results, it was found that the initial rotational stiffness of pile-cap connection was affected by the length of pile-head inserted in footing and the location of longitudinal reinforcing bars. The types of pile and location of longitudinal reinforcing bars governed the behavior of pile-cap connection regarding load-carrying capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of foot orthotics on the overall comfort and muscle activity during running. The subjects were 10 members from the joggers' club which consisted of 2 women and 8 men. These individuals ran on the treadmill by 4.0m/s speed with and without the custom foot orthotics. The data concerning the overall comfort was collected by a questionairre that examined the overall comfort, heel cushioning, forefoot cushioning, medio-lateral control, arch height, heel cup fit, shoe heel width, forefoot width, and shoe length The MegaWin ver. 2.1(Mega Electronics lid, Ma. Finland) was used to gain electromyography signals of the muscle activity; Tibialis anterior, medial gastronemius, lateral gastronemius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and rectus femoris were measured. The results of the study were as follows. 1. During running the overall comfort was higher for the foot arthotic condition than the nonorthotic condition. Among the inquiries the overall comfort showed the biggest difference comparing the two conditions. and the shoe heel width showed the highest score for contort. 2 The muscle activity of the biceps femoris, and vastus lateralis in the stance period decreased. due to the foot orthotics. The muscle activity of the vastus medialis in the swing period also decreased and the muscle activity tibialis anterior in the stance and swing stance decreased as well During running, orthotics showed positive result in foot comfort. The foot comfort related to decreased stress, muscle activity, and foot arch strain. Overall comfort and the adequate decrease of muscle activity were associated with injury prevention and the best method to prevent injury semms to be the maintenance of foot comfort.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the subtalar sling ankle taping, by measuring changes in peak plantar pressure and subtalar angle during jump landing and walking in healthy subjects with subtalar sling ankle taping applied of the ankle joint. Fifty healthy subjects(8 males and 7 female, aged 22 to 25) were randomly divided into a participated in this study. They were free of musculoskeletal injury and neurologic deficit in lower extremity. The subjects were asked to perform 5M walking and single leg jump landing by under the guidance of physical therapists. Subtalar motions were typically measured as the angle made between the posterior aspect of the calcaneous and the posterior aspect of the lower leg during walking with taping or not. This measurement were made using a video system (30Hz sampling rate, rectified 60 Hz sampling rate). At the same time, peak lateral and vertical pressure were investigated using pressure distribution platforms(MatScan system) under foot during walking and single leg jump landing with taping or not. Statistical analysis was done by paired t-test and intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC(3.1)], using software SPSS. We have recently demonstrated significantly altered patterns of subtalr joint and peak plantar pressure when applied subtalar sling ankle taping(p<.05). Inversion angle of subtalar joint significantly decreased with taping(p<.05). The result suggest that pressure patterns observed in subjects are likely to result due to significant decrease in stress on ankle joint structures during jump landing and walking. Also, the result that the subtalar sling ankle taping procedure provides greater restiction of motion associated with ankle inversion. However, this study involved asymptomatic subjects without history of ankle inversion injury, further research is needed to assess the motion restraining effect of the subtalar sling ankle taping in subjects with lateral ankle instability.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.1-4
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• 2008

Flat plate slab has been widely used in high rise building for its remarkable advantages. However, Flat plate structures under lateral load are susceptible to punching shear of the slab-column connection. Exterior slab-column connections has an unsymmetrical critical section for eccentric shear of which perimeter is less than that of interior connection, and hence, around the connection, unbalanced moment and eccentric shear are developed by both gravity load and lateral loads. Therefore, exterior connections is susceptible to punching shear failure. For that reason, this study compare ACI 318-05 to CEB-FIP MC 90 that is based on experiment results and existing data of flat plate exterior connections. This study shows that compared to CEB-FIP MC 90 is more exact about eccentric shear stress, unbalanced moment and Both of all are not suitable in large column aspect ratio. Considering gravity shear ratio, These are suitable but design condition only consider gravity shear ratio. So these should be considered differences from change of design condition

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

This research carried out to optimize crossbeams and stringers of steel box girder bridges, which are parts of floor system and support loading from the bridge deck. In the current design practice, the crossbeam is densely deployed with a spacing of 6 meters, and the stringer is placed between the crossbeams. The crossbeams and stringer are connected to the deck through slab anchors but the allowable stress of the compression flange is determined by the lateral-torsional buckling. To increase economic efficiency of the steel box girder bridges. the increased spacing of the crossbeam was studied. The study shows that the spacing can be increased up to 10 meters. However, higher strength steel plates are necessary. Shear studs rather than slab anchors are also recommended to prevent lateral-torsional buckling strength of the crossbeams and stringer.