• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2008

The transducer for multi-directionally movable ultrasonic motor having lambda shaped vibrators has been proposed and designed. The two branches cross at a right angle with each other at the tip. FEM analyses of lambda shaped transducer were carried out to find vibration modes for ultrasonic motor. The lambda shaped transducer has one symmetric mode and two anti-symmetric modes. The symmetric mode generates the normal direction motion of the tip. The lateral and vertical direction motion of the tip are excited by two anti-symmetric modes. The normal and lateral direction motions made an lateral elliptic trajectory. And the normal and vertical direction motions made an vertical elliptic trajectory normal to previous one. The transducer with 1 mm in thickness and 25 mm in length has been fabricated and evaluated. The resonance frequencies of the transducer was 32 kHz and 103 kHz. The tangential and vertical vibration displacement of the transducer having the lateral elliptic trajectory were $1.5{\mu}m\;and\;1.1{\mu}m$, respectively at the driving voltage of 100 Vpp and frequency of 32 kHz and 103 kHz. And the tangential and vertical vibration displacement of the transducer having the vertical elliptic trajectory were $0.4{\mu}m\;and\;0.2{\mu}m$, respectively at the same driving condition.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.591-597
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• 2015

IPCC 2006 지침에서 제시한 Tier 3 수준에 맞게 배나무 과수원의 온실가스 저장량을 산정하기 위하여, '신고(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka)' 배 재배지를 대상으로 1년 시비에 따른 과수와 재배지 토양의 총 탄소와 질소 저장량을 평가하였다. 이를 위해 전라남도 나주에 위치한 농촌진흥청 배시험장 재배포장에서 $5.0{\times}3.0$으로 재식된 Y수형의 16년 생 '신고'배에 질소와 인, 칼륨비료를 각각 $200kg\;N{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, $130kg\;P{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, $180kg\;K{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ 시비하였다. 2013년 8월, 배나무 수체와 토양의 총탄소와 질소 함량을 평가하기 위해 샘플을 채취하였다. 과수는 굴취하여 주간, 주지, 측지, 잎, 과일, 뿌리로 분류하여, 총탄소와 질소 함량, 건중량을 조사하였다. 토양은 과수 주간으로부터 약 0.5m 떨어진 지점에서 0.6cm 깊이까지 0.1m 간격으로 토양을 채취하여, 풍건한 뒤 2mm체에 통과시킨 시료를 채취하여 총 탄소와 질소 함량을 분석하였다. 나무 한 그루당 건중량은 주간은 5.6kg, 주지는 12.0kg, 측지는 15.7kg, 잎은 5.7kg, 과일은 9.8kg, 뿌리가 10.5kg 이었다. 나무 한 그루당 총탄소와 질소 함량은 주간에서 2.6C kg, 0.02N kg였고, 주지는 5.5C kg, 0.04N kg, 측지는 7.2C kg, 0.07N kg, 잎은 2.6C kg, 0.11N kg, 과일은 4.0C kg, 0.03N kg, 뿌리에서는 4.8C kg, 0.05N kg이였다. 재식밀도(667trees/ha)를 기준으로 산정하였을 때, 토양에 저장되는 탄소량은 155.7Mg, 질소량은 14.0 Mg이였으며, 수체에 저장되는 탄소량은 $17.8Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, 질소량은 $0.2Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$이였다. 따라서 배나무 재배지 내에 저장되는 총탄소량은 173.6Mg였으며, 질소량은 14.2Mg이었다. 이를 작년 2012년 결과와 비교하였을 때, 1년 시비 결과 배 과수원의 탄소 저장량은 $17.7Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ 증가하였으나, 질소 저장량은 변화가 거의 없었다($0.66Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$).

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.828-832
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• 2013

IPCC 2006 guideline에서 제시한 Tier 3 수준에 맞게 배나무 과수원의 온실가스 저장량을 산정하기 위하여, 전라남도 나주에 위치한 농촌진흥청 배시험장 재배포장($35^{\circ}01^{\prime}27.70N$, $126^{\circ}44^{\prime}53.50^{\prime\prime}E$, 표고 6m)에 $5.0{\times}3.0m$ 간격으로 재식된 Y자 수형의 15년생 배 '신고(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka)' 재배지를 대상으로 과수와 재배지 토양의 총 탄소 및 질소 저장량을 측정하였다. 이를 위해 2012년 8월, 3반복으로 과수를 굴취하여 주간, 주지, 측지, 잎, 과일, 뿌리로 분류하였고, 과수 주간으로부터 약 0.5m 떨어진 지점에서 0.6m 깊이까지 0.1m 간격으로 토양을 채취하였다. 나무 한그루당 건물중은 주간이 4.7kg, 주지가 13.3kg, 측지가 13.9kg, 잎이 3.7kg, 과일이 6.7kg, 뿌리가 14.1kg이었다. 단위 질량당 총 탄소 및 질소의 함량은 주간에서 각 2.3kg과 0.02kg, 주지에서 6.4kg과 0.07kg, 측지에서 6.4kg과 0.09kg, 뿌리에서 6.5kg과 0.07kg, 잎에서 1.7kg과 0.07kg, 과일에서 3.2kg과 0.03kg 이었다. 재식밀도(667trees/ha)를 기준으로, 탄소와 질소는 재배지 토양에 각각 138.29 및 $13.31Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$가 저장되어 있었고, 과수에 각각 17.66 및 $0.23Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$씩 보유되어 있었다. 이를 종합한 결과 과수 재배지에서 탄소는 $155.95Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, 질소는 $13.54Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$가 저장되어 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.510-515
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• 2014

The anatomical and physical properties of tension wood (TW), opposite wood (OW) and lateral wood (LW) in the branches of Korean paulownia (Paulownia coreana) were compared. The diameter of TW vessels was larger than that of OW and LW vessels. The most distinctive feature of TW fibers was the presence of a gelatinous layer (G-fiber). The cell wall of TW fibers was nearly three times as thick as that of OW and LW. TW differed from OW and LW in density, X-ray diffraction pattern and shear and compressive strengths. The results obtained in this study showed clear differences in the anatomical and physical properties of TW, OW and LW of Paulownia coreana branch woods.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.709-715
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• 2014

Background The distally based sural artery flap is a reliable, local reconstructive option for small soft tissue defects of the distal third of the leg. The purpose of this study is to describe an adipofascial flap based on a single sural nerve branch without sacrificing the entire sural nerve, thereby preserving sensibility of the lateral foot. Methods The posterior aspect of the lower limb was dissected in 15 cadaveric limbs. Four patients with soft tissue defects over the tendo-achilles and ankle underwent reconstruction using the adipofascial flap, which incorporated the distal peroneal perforator, short saphenous vein, and a single branch of the sural nerve. Results From the anatomical study, the distal peroneal perforator was situated at an average of 6.2 cm (2.5-12 cm) from the distal tip of the lateral malleolus. The medial and lateral sural nerve branches ran subfascially and pierced the muscle fascia 16 cm (14-19 cm) proximal to the lateral malleolus to enter the subcutaneous plane. They merged 1-2 cm distal to the subcutaneous entry point to form the common sural nerve at a mean distance of 14.5 cm (11.5-18 cm) proximal to the lateral malleolus. This merging point determined the pivot point of the flap. In the clinical cases, all patients reported near complete recovery of sensation over the lateral foot six months after surgery. All donor sites healed well with a full range of motion over the foot and ankle. Conclusions The distally based sural artery adipofascial flap allowed for minimal sensory loss, a good range of motion, an aesthetically acceptable outcome and can be performed by a single surgeon in under 2 hours.

• Clinical Pain
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.122-126
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• 2021

When a patient represents pain in foot, physician can easily overlook compression neuropathy of peripheral nerve as it is uncommon. Among nerve entrapment syndrome encountered in the foot, selective compression in lateral branch of deep peroneal nerve (DPN) is rare. We report a case of a patient with pain and dysesthesia in dorsolateral foot which turned out as lateral branch of deep peroneal nerve entrapment syndrome caused by talonavicular joint effusion. We would like to share diagnostic work up flow and conservative treatment courses. This case manifests the importance of the deep peroneal nerve and its branches in clinical setting of pain and ankle instability.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.50-59
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• 2018

Background: Duodichogamy is the rarest form of dichogamy in angiosperms, which is characterized by flowering in the sequence of male${\rightarrow}$female${\rightarrow}$male. Disentangling factors promoting duodichogamy require the discovery of more duodichogamous species in angiosperms. However, extremely limited information on duodichogamous species makes it difficult to make general conclusions. Given the inflorescence morphology and flowering characteristics, the Meliaceae family is highly likely to contain duodichogamous species. Methods: We selected 48 individuals from 20 populations in Korea and investigated their flower morphology, arrangement of flowers by sexual condition within inflorescences, and flowering phases and duration of male and female flowers of Toona sinensis (Meliaceae) for 5 years (2011-2015) to determine if the species shows duodichogamous flowering. Results: Toona sinensis belonging to Meliaceae possessed functionally unisexual flowers with rudimentary parts of the opposite sex. The floral organs in male were larger than those in female, except for ovary length and width. In dichasium, male flowers were observed on primary or lateral branches, whereas female flowers were borne only on lateral branches. Overall, individuals from six different populations flowered in the male${\rightarrow}$female${\rightarrow}$male sequence, thereby male is blooming far longer than female flowers at the level of individual trees (male vs. female = 17-20 days vs. 2-4 days). Conclusions: This is the first study to report a duodichogamously flowering species, T. sinensis, within Meliaceae. Several flowering characteristics observed from T. sinensis may be important clues used to discover additional duodichogamous Meliaceae species. Short flowering period and relatively small number of female flowers, which is analogous to reduced ovule numbers observed in other duodichogamous species, may intensify male-male competition in T. sinensis. This study contributed to narrowing down potential candidates of duodichogamy based on their geographic distributions and flowering time.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 1998

Among many kinds of introduced free flaps, scapular freeflap is one of the most popularly using modalities in fasciocutaneous defect coverage with minimal donor defect and easier procedure and constant vascular patterns of the donor. Many surgeons who had experience of this flap pointed out deficit of the reliable sensation of the transplanted flap is the main shortcoming of the scapular free flap. If we can subjugate that point, scapular free flap is the most excellent procedure in such a cases as heel pad reconstruction and hand reconstruction which are relatively important to have skin with protective sensation. Author performed anatomical literature review, 10 cadaveric dissections and 12 clinical dissections. In surgical anatomical aspect, the upper six dorsal rami of the thoracic nerves have medial branches which pierce Longissimus thoracis and Multifidus muscle with small cutaneous twigs which pierce Latissimus dorsi and Trapezius muscle. Among that cutaneous twigs, several twigs distribute to the skin of the back from midline to lateral aspect which territory is identical to scapular free flap. We analysed clinical experiences of that sensory bearing scapular free flap surgical anatomy and one year follow-up studies with several results. 1) Two to three cutaneous twigs which pierced from the Trapezius muscle over the scapular free flap region. 2) Each twigs has two to four nerve fascicles with small artery. 3) The nerve distributed to the ordinary scapular free flap and large enough size and pedicle length to neurorrhapy with various recipient site nerves. 4) The inconvenience of this procedure is the vascular pedicle and nerve pedicle have opposite directions, vascular pedicle of that comes from lateral direction from subscapular vessels, but nerve pedicle comes from medial direction from trapezius muscle. Author can found constant cutaneous nerve branches which come from piercing the Trapezius. This nerves are helpful for protective sensation in transplanted scapular free flap. We can't had enough follow-up and evaluation of the nerve function of this procedure, we need continuous research works to application of this procedure. The in conveniences come from directional differences of pedicle can solve with longer harvest neural pedicle and change direction of the neural pedicle.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.803-810
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• 2022

Objective: To investigate the clinical application of differential subsampling with Cartesian ordering (DISCO) contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance angiography for anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap transplantation, using operative findings as a reference. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients (21 males and nine females; mean age ± standard deviation, 45.5 ± 15.6 years) who were scheduled to undergo reconstruction with ALT flaps between June 2020 and June 2021 were included in the prospective study. Before ALT flap transplantation, patients were scanned using CE-DISCO imaging. All acquired DISCO images of the 60 lower limbs (both sides from each patient) were analyzed using maximum intensity projection and volume rendering methods. Two experienced radiologists were employed to examine the patterns of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA), its branches, and perforators and their skin termini, which were compared with the operative findings. Results: Using CE-DISCO, the patterns of the LCFA and its branches were clearly identified in all patients. Four different origins of the LCFA were found among the 60 blood vessels: type I (44/60, 73.3%), type II (6/60, 10.0%), type III (8/60, 13.3%), and type IV (2/60, 3.3%). Owing to a lack of perforators entering the skin, two patients did not undergo ALT flap transplantation. For the remaining 28 patients, the ALT flaps in 26 patients were successfully operated without flap reselection during the operation, while the remaining two patients underwent other surgical procedures due to the thin diameter of the perforator or injury of the perforator during the operation. The success rate of flap transplantation was 92.8% (26/28). All transplanted flaps exhibited good blood supply and achieved primary healing without infection or delayed healing. Conclusion: CE-DISCO imaging can be an effective method for preoperative perforator imaging before ALT flap transplantation.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.31-37
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• 1997

삼국시대 이후 근대까지 민가의 가장 보편적인 형태였던 초가삼가의 평균적인 상세 구조를 제시하였다. 목조 프레임이 주로 사용되었으며 프레임의 조인트는 사개맞춤이 일반적이었다. 초가삼간을 구성하는 평주 및 고주 프레임의 정적 수평내력을 1:1 실험모델을 통하여 평가하였다. 기둥 상부 조인트의 형태 및 심벽이 수평내력에 미치는 영향과 조인트의 파괴모드를 분석하였다. 실험결과 평주 프레임의 극한 수평내력은 1,090N, 파괴시 최대 수평변위는 400mm(1/6 rad)이었다. 고주 프레임의 경우 이들 값은 각각 4,160 N 및 250 mm(1/9.6 rad)이었다. 프레임의 거동은 모두 조인트의 거동에 지배되었으며 매우 큰 비선형을 보였다. 조인트의 파괴모드는 평주 프레임의 경우 화통가지의 전단파괴, 고주프레임의 경우 화통가지의 휨파괴가 주요한 모드였다.