• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-46
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• 2014

Since organized living cooperative associations sold their environment-friendly agricultural products directly to independent consumers in the past, the general distribution channels such as wholesalers had difficulty in handling these products. However, the ratio of distribution via wholesale channel has been gradually increased as consumption of environment-friendly agricultural products has expanded. This study is to address vitalization of wholesale distribution for environment-friendly agricultural products by gathering previous statistical data and analysis. In addition, statistical analysis are conducted by utilizing surveys on forwarders, consumers for environment-friendly agricultural products. As a result, the products producers ship are distributed through dealers at producers sites, producers cooperatives, or food process companies, food companies, internet shopping malls, large-scale distribution companies, consumer groups such as living cooperative associations, direct outlets at consumers sites, or exports. Among the channels, the large-scale distribution companies and franchised special shops account for 47%, the general supermarkets 15.7%, and living cooperative associations 14.6% respectively. By utilizing the research results on producers and consumers, and the distribution weight by channels for environment-friendly agricultural products, the distribution channels for living cooperative associations, wholesale markets, and large scale distribution companies are compared and evaluated. As a result, the level of producers' and consumers' satisfaction for them is the lowest since the low selling price for producers and high distribution margins.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.105-113
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• 2020

As the COVID-19 outbreak has prolonged, social distancing movements are encouraged and non-face-to-face lifestyle trends are spreading. As a result, it is necessary for general restaurants and small marts to provide delivery services like large-scale distribution companies. Large distribution companies have also suffered significant economic losses from COVID-19 because epidemiological investigations were conducted after the distribution center was closed due to the outbreak of COVID-19 in several large domestic distribution companies. In this thesis, in order to examine whether COVID-19 actually affects distribution companies, we attempt to understand the relationship between the number of confirmed cases per month and the sales share and growth rate by categories of distribution companies.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.195-215
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• 2010

Large-scale discount stores, that were in charge of leading role up to recently, reach the limit of growth because of increasing competition, saturation of domestic market, and shortened product life-cycle. As per the limit of domestic market, large-scale discount stores are trying to various global market entry strategy and global marketing strategy like new store entry, takeover of foreign distribution chain, and global sourcing strategy. In the past, global companies of advanced country have been entering to Asian market with leading position. But, as per the rapid growth of Asian economy in the late 1980's, East Asian distribution companies like Japanese company were trying to enter the Asian market. In Asian market, starting with China, that was relatively not advanced in comparison with economic development, not only western advanced countries but also East Asian countries like Japan and Korea are entering actively for overcome their limitations of domestic market. Many of distribution companies experienced success and failure for various reason already. Korean large-scale discount stores are relatively late starters in Asian market. So, this paper purposed to review global market entry strategy of Japanese large-scale discount stores, and find out strategic implications for successful global market entry strategy of Korean large-scale discount stores.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.53-61
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• 1996

The subject of this study was to analyse overviews of companies which exceed TLV by industry, hazardous factors, and to estimate the numbers of companies measured in 1993 and the implementation rate of working environment measurement by the act of industrial safety and health The result of this study was as follow. 1. The number of cases which exceed TLV was 5,937 companies. In distribution of excess companies by the scale of workers, small scale cases under the 49 workers were 3,150 companies(53.0%) of total cases, medium scale cases between 50 - 299 workers were 2,248 companies(37.9%), and large scale cases over 300 workers were 539 companies(9.1%). By the industry of excess companies, it was marked high rate in manufacture of fabricared metal products(except machinary and equipment), manufacture of textiles of each 1,048 companies(17.7%), and 1,018 companies(17.1%). By the area of excess companies, it was shown high rate in Kyeongki area marked 1,679 companies(28.3%) and Daegu-Kyeongbuk area were marked 1,417 companies (23.9%). By the hazardous factors of excess companies, noise was recorded high rate in 5,160 companies (86.9%), dust was shown in 1,245 companies(21.0%), organic solvent was marked 130 companies(7.9%). The number of excess factors by the company was 1.2. In this result, the more it was bigger scale companies, the more excess factors were much more and the more it was recorded higher rate in noise organic solvent heavy metals, etc. 2. The measured cases in institutes during 1994 were 1,596 companies, and excess cases were 157 companies(9.8%) among them. By the scale of workers, small scale cases under the 49 workers were 190 companies (17.9%) among 1,064 companies, cases of medium scale cases between 50-299 workers were 127 companies (27.9%) among 463 companies, and large scale cases over 300 workers were 31 companies(44.9%) among 69 companies. In this result industry of the highest rate shown was manufacture of basic metals in 20 companies exceeded among 53 companies (37.7%), and was manufacture of pulp, paper production in 14 companies exceeded among 40 companies(35.0%), and the excess rate were high in bigger scale. 3. Companies estimated by the data of excess cases and excess rate in 1993 were 30,474 implementation rate estimated for measurement of working environment was 34.3% of companies in korean industry. In this result, it was comparatively shown of measurement rate for the working environment in manufacture of pulp, paper product, manufacture of machinary and equipment n.e.c., and of high measurement rate and excess rate in manufacture of electrial machinary and apparatus, and manufacture of basic metals.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

As the government announced Real Estate Policies on August 02, most areas except for Seoul cities face increasing business risks. Moreover, the government control over financial sectors' loan leads to the highly possible contraction of new distribution markets. The market trend could bring about the reduction of new demand in PF (Private Financing) business that large construction companies mainly concentrate on, and even the business already obtained has a high risk of being distributed, which could result in substantially low profitability. The currently unstable financial structure of most construction companies is caused by the hike of the prime cost of foreign plants except for that of a few construction companies. If PF (Private Financing) business also faces a difficult situation in such a financial condition, even large construction companies come to have the high possibility of a deficiency in credit rating. Accordingly, the major business that large construction companies concentrate on needs the sufficient business review. It is desirable to make a bid for business guaranteeing stability rather than business solely in consideration of profitability, when participating in a competition for a new construction contract.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.69-80
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• 2021

Purpose - This study investigated the development process of the Chinese distribution industry and analyzed the current status of China's offline and online distribution industries under the development process of the Chinese distribution industry. In addition, the current status of offline distributors in China and representative companies were analyzed as case studies. Research design, data, and methodology - This study analyzed the overall environment of the Chinese distribution industry by using literature data. Then, this study conducted a case analysis using RT Mart and Jingdong, major companies in the distribution industry. Result -The main research results of this study show that the Chinese distribution market has already matured, and retailers are fiercely competing to secure sales and operating profits through various methods such as finding new management methods, improving awareness and customer loyalty by expanding the number of stores. Conclusion -Recently, the characteristic of China's distribution industry is that the boundaries of distribution are breaking down. Chinese retailers are taking strategies to expand the scope of services by erasing the boundaries of distribution. In other words, distribution companies are promoting a borderless distribution strategy in which consumers purchase products online and offline without restrictions on time and space. In addition, small stores in residential areas are on the rise compared to large-scale stores in the city center. The existing distribution industry operates various types of distribution stores to prepare for the post-COVID-19 crisis.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.89-97
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• 2013

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to systematically review the background of the Korean distribution promotion policy and distribution adjustment policies along with related regulations and policies. Research design, data, and methodology - Domestic distribution policy and relevant laws were examined through a review of existing research literature. The results of the development process of the domestic distribution policy, promotion policies, and adjustment policies are summarized below. Results - The results are summarized as follows. First, the purpose of the development of the domestic distribution promotion policy was to strengthen the competitiveness of the small and medium business industry through structural advancement of the small and medium industry. By expanding the managerial base for the small and medium industry, a new balance could be created in the national economy. There was a requirement for an early assistance policy for small and medium businesses as a base of these businesses in the distribution industry developed from their original model of catering to a traditional market of retail shops. Since 1996, there was a need for this early assistance policy due to the expansion and rapid growth of large scale stores causing a change in the consumption pattern for distribution markets and the decline of large enterprises. Second, the government supports small and medium business distribution through distribution promotion policies by supporting an organization promoting small business and supporting innovation in the distribution system. Third, in 1961 a business mediation system was established to protect small and medium industries. The Small and Medium Business Administration advises conglomerates to postpone acquisitions, restrain expansion of the business, or to reduce business scale if small businesses undergo an adverse effect such as decreasing demand because large companies are expanding into their areas. Fourth, the Distribution Adjustment Policy managed large-scale store regulation as follows: ① limitation on construction by urban planning ordinance, ② limitation on location based on traffic impact assessments, ③ regulation based on business guidelines by chiefs of autonomous bodies, ④ regulation on mandatory holidays and limitation of business hours. This large-scale store regulation is a policy introduced by authority to increase competitiveness of small and medium business distribution by the government. Conclusions - As discussed in this study, the distribution promotion policy and distribution adjustment policy are government distribution policies focused on the protection of the small and medium distribution businesses. This study is timely, since it was planned when the strengthening of the revisions of the Distribution Industry Development Act, aimed to protect small and medium retailers and merchants, was under discussion. The significance of this study is that it offers insights for the development of new policies in the future and an opportunity to consider the background of the distribution policy by the government.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.107-116
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• 2013

Purpose - Eggs are nutritionally complete and one of the most popular natural foods. Moreover, the poultry industry is one of the important food industries. However, early industrialization of the poultry industry on its own did not lead to further development compared to other livestock industries. In this study, we investigate what factors influence consumers' behavior and how consumers' understanding of retail business affects their propensity to consume. This study is different from other studies as it analyzes how the brand names of manufacturers and distribution companies affect the purchasing characteristics or actual purchase behavior of consumers in order to suggest how these manufacturers and distribution companies can increase their competitiveness. Research design, data, methodology - This study conducted a survey of 250 randomly selected egg purchasers in discount stores from January to April 2013. Consumers' purchase tendencies were calculated through frequency analysis. This result was then utilized using cluster analysis to draw a conclusion about which purchase tendency influenced consumers buying three different brands of eggs or whether this tendency really affected consumers. As a result, the outcomes of Hypotheses 2 and 3 were not clear so we drew a conclusion with our analysis of Hypothesis 1. Results - While the outcomes of Hypotheses 2 and 3 did not clearly indicate whether purchasing tendencies affected consumers when buying eggs, our analysis of Hypothesis 1 indicated that consumers were affected by the quality of the eggs rather than exterior factors such as the brand name. Thus, we concluded that it is important to promote the excellence of the quality of the eggs. Usually firms buy eggs from farms and repackage them in order to sell them. In this sense, if consumers were aware of this egg production process, and eggs were fairly distributed to retailers, large retail PB businesses would also be able to enhance their competitiveness. Conclusions - The brand, packaging, retail outlet, and other external features influenced the purchase of eggs to a certain degree, while shelf life, grade of the eggs, cleanliness, and other intrinsic characteristics had more influence. In particular, shelf life was the most important factor influencing purchase. Consumers were influenced not only by intrinsic characteristics of the eggs but also by large-scale producers' brands. Consumers relied upon the brand despite reduced competition because they found it difficult to identify shelf life and/or cleanliness. Small businesses and/or large-scale retailers can remain competitive by maintaining the freshness and cleanliness of the eggs. Further studies need to investigate areas in which consumers' cognition of the product is poor and/or the purchase inclination with regard to less developed industries such as eggs. In this study, the greatest problem was that consumers did not consume in accordance with the current situation as consumers have preferred fresh and clean eggs for a long time compared to purchase decisions based on external brands and/or packaging.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.147-158
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• 2021

Due to COVID-19, the risk of price volatility in commodity and equity markets increases. The research and application of hedging is the most effective way to reduce the market risk. Hedging is a risk management strategy employed to offset losses in investments by taking an opposite position in a related asset. We use K-means and hierarchical clustering methods to cluster companies and futures products respectively, and analyze the relationship between the number of hedging firms, regional distribution, nature of firms, capital distribution, company size, profitability, number of local Futures Commission Merchants (FCMs), regional location, and listing time. The study shows that listed companies with large scale and good profitability invest more money in hedging, while state-owned enterprises' participation in hedging is more likely to be affected by the company size and the number of local futures commission merchants, and private enterprises are more likely to be affected by the company profitability and the regional location. Listed companies are more willing to choose long-listed and mature futures products for hedging. We also provide policy advice based on our conclusion. So far, there is no study on the characteristics of hedging. This paper fills the gap. The results provide a basis and guidance for people's investment and risk management. Using clustering analysis in hedging study is another innovation of this paper.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.93-100
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to confirm whether stocks belonging to the distribution industry in Korea have reversals, following large daily stock price changes accompanied by large trading volumes. Research design, data, and methodology: We examined whether there were reversals after the event date when large-scale stock price changes appeared for the entire sample of distribution-related companies listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index from January 2004 to July 2022. In addition, we reviewed whether the reversals differed depending on abnormal trading volume on the event date. Using multiple regression analysis, we tested whether high trading volume had a significant effect on the cumulative rate of return after the event date. Results: Reversals were confirmed after the stock price shock in the Korean distribution industry and the return after the event date varied depending on the size of the trading volume on the event day. In addition, even after considering both company-specific and event-specific factors, the trading volume on the event day was found to have significant explanatory power on the cumulative rate of return after the event date. Conclusions: Reversals identified in this paper can be used as a useful tool for establishing a trading strategy.