• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.703-713
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• 2021

The field of vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) has undergone significant advancement in recent decades, and VCAs are increasingly common and accepted in the clinical setting, bringing hope of functional recovery to patients with debilitating injuries. A major obstacle facing the widespread application of VCAs is the side effect profile associated with the current immunosuppressive regimen, which can cause a wide array of complications such as infection, malignancy, and even death. Significant concerns remain regarding whether the treatment outweighs the risk. The potential solution to this dilemma would be achieving VCA tolerance, which would allow recipients to receive allografts without significant immunosuppression and its sequelae. Promising tolerance protocols are being studied in kidney transplantation; four major trials have attempted to withdraw immunosuppressive treatment with various successes. The common theme in all four trials is the use of radiation treatment and donor cell transplantation. The knowledge gained from these trials can provide valuable insight into the development of a VCA tolerance protocol. Despite similarities, VCAs present additional barriers compared to kidney allografts regarding tolerance induction. VCA donors are likely to be deceased, which limits the time for significant pre-conditioning. VCA donors are also more likely to be human leukocyte antigen-mismatched, which means that tolerance must be induced across major immunological barriers. This review also explores adjunct therapies studied in large animal models that could be the missing element in establishing a safe and stable tolerance induction method.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 2022

This qualitative study focused on the activation of cooperative child care sharing centers'. Eight centers nationwide were selected as example cases in accordance with region (large city, small and medium-sized city, county unit), opening time, operating institution, location, full-time care for dual-income children, and participation in the 2020 care community pilot project. Co-researchers visited each center together to observe the site and conducted in-depth interviews with the head of the center or dedicated staff using semi-structured questionnaires. Interview data were analyzed using triangle verification and transcribed : the data were then grouped into 12 categories and 34 subcategories. From this, the following three topics were derived: the main functions, operational difficulties, and activation conditions. In conclusion, four suggestions are made: 1. proper relationship with the Family center, the cooperative childcare sharing center, and the local care communities 2. activation plan through "solution of operational difficulties" 3. "extension" of the cooperative child care sharing center 4. the role of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, the Korea Institute for Healthy Family, local governments, and Family Centers.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.779-789
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• 2022

This work presents a non-linear cylindrical bending analysis of functionally graded plate reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in thermal environment using a simple integral higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). This theory does not require shear correction factors and the transverse shear stresses vary parabolically through the thickness. The material properties of SWCNTs are assumed to be temperature-dependent and are obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. The material properties of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composites (FG-CNTCRs) are considered to be graded in the thickness direction, and are estimated through a micromechanical model. The non-linear strain-displacement relations in the Von Karman sense are used to study the effect of geometric non-linearity and the solution is obtained by minimization of the total potential energy. The numerical illustrations concern the nonlinear bending response of FG-CNTRC plates under different sets of thermal environmental conditions, from which results for uniformly distributed CNTRC plates are obtained as benchmarks.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.181-193
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• 2022

Data-driven structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil infrastructure can be used to continuously assess the state of a structure, allowing preemptive safety measures to be carried out. Long-term monitoring of large-scale civil infrastructure often involves data-collection using a network of numerous sensors of various types. Malfunctioning sensors in the network are common, which can disrupt the condition assessment and even lead to false-negative indications of damage. The overwhelming size of the data collected renders manual approaches to ensure data quality intractable. The task of detecting and classifying an anomaly in the raw data is non-trivial. We propose an approach to automate this task, improving upon the previously developed technique of image-based pre-processing on one-dimensional (1D) data by enriching the features of the neural network input data with multiple channels. In particular, feature engineering is employed to convert the measured time histories into a 3-channel image comprised of (i) the time history, (ii) the spectrogram, and (iii) the probability density function representation of the signal. To demonstrate this approach, a CNN model is designed and trained on a dataset consisting of acceleration records of sensors installed on a long-span bridge, with the goal of fault detection and classification. The effect of imbalance in anomaly patterns observed is studied to better account for unseen test cases. The proposed framework achieves high overall accuracy and recall even when tested on an unseen dataset that is much larger than the samples used for training, offering a viable solution for implementation on full-scale structures where limited labeled-training data is available.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.97-105
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• 2022

This paper explains trends in security technologies for ICS. Since ICS is usually applied to large-scale national main infrastructures and industry fields, minor errors caused by cyberattack could generate enormous economic cost. ICS has different characteristic with commonly used IT systems, so considering security threats of ICS separately with IT is needed for developing modern security technology. This paper introduce framework for ICS that analyzes recent cyberattack tactics & techniques and find out trends in Intrusion Detection System (IDS) which is representative technology for ICS security, and analyzes AI technologies used for IDS. Specifically, this paper explains data collection and analysis for applying AI techniques, AI models, techniques for evaluating AI Model.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.3-19
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• 2022

Electro-membrane technology is a process for separating and purifying substances in aqueous solution by electric energy using an ion exchange membrane with selective permeability, such as electrodialysis (ED) and bipolar electrodialysis (BMED). Electro-membrane technology is attracting attention as an environmental friendly technology because it does not generate by-products during the process and the recovered base or acid can be reused during the process. In this paper, we investigate the principles of ED and BMED technologies and various characteristics and problems according to the cell configuration. In particular, by investigating and analyzing research cases related to the treatment of waste sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), which is generated in large amounts during the metal recovery process.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered promising energy storage devices with good performance such as high energy density, slow self-discharge rate, high rate charge capacity, and long battery life. However, the application of these LIBs in the high-energy density electric vehicle and large device industries poses a major safety problem. In order to solve this problem, developing a material having high thermal stability and intrinsic safety is the ultimate solution for improving the stability and electrochemical performance of LIBs. This review introduced a surface modification technology of a separator to overcome the stability problem of a commercial separator, and summarized and summarized the research trends using the modified separator for a lithium-ion battery. Based on this, the future prospects for the separator development by surface modification were discussed.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.101-104
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• 2022

Mist-CVD is known to have advantages of low cost and high productivity compared to ALD and PECVD methods. It is capable of reacting to the substrate by misting an aqueous solution using ultrasonic waves under vacuum-free conditions of atmospheric pressure. In particular, Ga₂O₃ is regarded as advanced power semiconductor material because of its high quality of transmittance, and excellent electrical conductivity through N-type doping. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics were used to predict the uniformity of the thin film on a large-area substrate. And also the deposition pattern and uniformity were analyzed using the flow velocity and particle tracking method. The uniformity was confirmed by quantifying the deposition cross section with an FIB-SEM, and the consistency of the uniformity prediction was secured through the analysis of the CFD distribution. With the analysis and experimental results, the match rate of deposition area was 80.14% and the match rate of deposition thickness was 55.32%. As the experimental and analysis results were consistent, it was confirmed that it is possible to predict the deposition thickness uniformity of Mist-CVD.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.270-279
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• 2022

In this study, N/S co-doped carbon felt (N/S-CF) was prepared and characterized as an electrode material for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). A commercial carbon felt (CF) was immersed in an aqueous solution of thiourea and then thermally treated at 800 ℃ under an inert atmosphere. The prepared N/S-CF showed a large specific surface area with hierarchical pore structures. The electrochemical performance of the N/S-CF-based electrode was evaluated using both 3-electrode and 2-electrode systems. In the 3-electrode system, the N/S-CF-based electrode showed a good specific capacitance of 177 F/g at 1 A/g and a good rate capability of 41% at 20 A/g. In the 2-electrode system (symmetric capacitor), the freestanding N/S-CF-based electrode showed a specific capacitance of 275 mF/cm² at 2 mA/cm², a rate capability of 62.5 % at 100 mA/cm², a specific power density of ~ 25,000 mW/cm² at an energy density of 23.9 mWh/cm², and a cycling stability of ~ 100 % at 100 mA/cm² after 20,000 cycles. These results indicate the N/S co-doped carbon felts can be a promising candidate as a new electrode material in a symmetric capacitor.

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2022

Titanate nanotubes (TNTs) were synthesized via alkaline hydrothermal treatment using commercial TiO₂ nanoparticles (P25). The TNTs were prepared at various TiO₂/NaOH ratios, hydrothermal temperatures, and hydrothermal times. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. TNTs were generated upon a decrease in the TiO₂/NaOH ratio due to the dissolution of TiO₂ in the alkaline solution and the generation of new Ti-O-Ti bonds to form titanate nanoplates and nanotubes. The hydrothermal treatment temperature and time were important factors for promoting the nucleation and growth of TNTs. The TNT catalyst with the largest surface area (389.32 m² g^-1) was obtained with a TiO₂/NaOH ratio of 0.25, a hydrothermal treatment temperature of 130 ℃, and a hydrothermal treatment time of 36 h. Additionally, we investigated the photocatalytic activity of methyl violet 2B (MV) over the TNT catalysts under UV irradiation and found that the degradation efficiencies of the TNTs were higher than that of P25. Among the TNT catalysts, the TNT catalyst that was hydrothermally synthesized for 36 h (TNT 36 h) exhibited a 96.9% degradation efficiency and a degradation rate constant that was 4.8 times higher than P25 due to its large surface area, which allowed for more contact between the MV molecules and TNT surfaces and facilitated rapid electron transfer. Finally, these results were correlated with the specific surface area.