• Wind and Structures
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2022

Tall buildings are often subjected to steady and unsteady forces due to external wind flows. Measurement and mitigation of these forces becomes critical to structural design in engineering applications. Over the last few decades, many approaches such as modification of the external geometry of structures have been investigated to mitigate wind-induced load. One such proven geometric modification involved the rounding of sharp corners. In this work, we systematically analyze the impact of rounded corner radii on the reducing the flow-induced loading on a square cylinder. We perform 3-Dimensional (3D) simulations for high Reynolds number flows (Re=1 × 105) which are more likely to be encountered in practical applications. An Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) method capable of capturing flow accurately at large Reynolds numbers is employed in this study. The IDDES formulation uses a k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) model for near-wall modelling that prevents mesh-induced separation of the boundary layer. The effects of these corner modifications are analyzed in terms of the resulting variations in the mean and fluctuating components of the aerodynamic forces compared to a square cylinder with no geometric changes. Plots of the angular distribution of the mean and fluctuating coefficient of pressure along the square cylinder's surface illustrate the effects of corner modifications on the different parts of the cylinder. The windward corner's separation angle was observed to decrease with an increase in radius, resulting in a narrower and longer recirculation region. Furthermore, with an increase in radius, a reduction in the fluctuating lift, mean drag, and fluctuating drag coefficients has been observed.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.419-430
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• 2022

In wind-resistant designs, wind velocity is assumed to be a Gaussian process; however, local complex topography may result in strong non-Gaussian wind features. This study investigates the non-Gaussian wind features over complex terrain under atmospheric turbulent boundary layers by the large eddy simulation (LES) model, and the turbulent inlet of LES is generated by the consistent discretizing random flow generation (CDRFG) method. The performance of LES is validated by two different complex terrains in Changsha and Mianyang, China, and the results are compared with wind tunnel tests and onsite measurements, respectively. Furthermore, the non-Gaussian parameters, such as skewness, kurtosis, probability curves, and gust factors, are analyzed in-depth. The results show that the LES method is in good agreement with both mean and turbulent wind fields from wind tunnel tests and onsite measurements. Wind fields in complex terrain mostly exhibit a left-skewed Gaussian process, and it changes from a softening Gaussian process to a hardening Gaussian process as the height increases. A reduction in the gust factors of about 2.0%-15.0% can be found by taking into account the non-Gaussian features, except for a 4.4% increase near the ground in steep terrain. This study can provide a reference for the assessment of extreme wind loads on structures in complex terrain.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.3017-3029
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• 2023

In the late in-vessel phase of a nuclear reactor severe accident, the internal heat transfer and crust evolution during the debris bed melting process have important effects on the thermal load distribution along the vessel wall, and further affect the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) failure mode and the state of melt during leakage. This study coupled the phase change model and large eddy simulation to investigate the variations of the temperature, melt liquid fraction, crust and heat flux distributions during the debris bed melting process in the hypothetical severe accident of HPR1000. The results indicated that the heat flow towards the vessel wall and upper surface were similar at the beginning stage of debris melting, but the upward heat flow increased significantly as the development of the molten pool. The maximum heat flux towards the vessel wall reached 0.4 MW/m². The thickness of lower crust decreased as the debris melting. It was much thicker at the bottom region with the azimuthal angle below 20° and decreased rapidly at the azimuthal angle around 20-50°. The maximum and minimum thicknesses were 2 and 90 mm, respectively. By contrast, the distribution of upper crust was uniform and reached stable state much earlier than the lower crust, with the thickness of about 10 mm. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis of initial condition indicated that as the decrease of time interval from reactor scram to debris bed dried-out, the maximum debris temperature and melt fraction became larger, the lower crust thickness became thinner, but the upper crust had no significant change. The sensitivity analysis of in-vessel retention (IVR) strategies indicated that the passive and active external reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) had little effect on the internal heat transfer and crust evolution. In the case not considering the internal reactor vessel cooling (IRVC), the upper crust was not obvious.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.241-263
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• 2022

The conventional wind and twisted-wind effect on aerodynamic properties of neighboring buildings arranged in side-by-side and tandem systems at 2B and 5B spacings are systematically investigated by large eddy simulation. Different physical interactions between different wind profiles and neighboring buildings will be deeply understood. The neighboring-building system under two different types of wind profiles, i.e., conventional wind profile (CWP), twisted wind profiles (TWP) with the maximum twisted angle of 30°, is used to evaluate the variation of physical mechanism between wind and buildings. Aerodynamic characteristics including mean and RMS pressure coefficient, and velocity field were systematically analyzed and compared between different scenario. It was found that the distribution of mean pressure, root-mean-square x velocity and the streamline of wind flow for TWP greatly deviated from CWP, and the effect of TWP on the downstream building, was drastically different from that of CWP, such as the size of vortexes after the lower stream building being bigger when exposed to TWP, and the mean pressure distribution on the building surfaces are also different. Moreover, evidence of buildings arranged in side-by-side and tandem configurations having interchangeable properties under TWP was also discovered, that two buildings being arranged side-by-side exposed to TWP could be identified as being arranged in tandem with a different wind twist angle, or vice versa.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.713-722
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• 2022

In this paper, the flow performance and aero-acoustic noise generated by the target centrifugal fan system were investigated numerically and experimentally. Also, the numerical method for Computational Aero-Acoustics were evaluated by comparing each method. To analyze the performance of the centrifugal fan experimentally, the acoustic power level was measured in the semi-anechoic chamber using microphones, and the active frequency range for the noise performance was identified and that frequency range was applied for Computational Aero-Acoustics (CAA) techniques as sampling frequency. Then, Navier-Stokes equation and the Ffowcs Williams&Hawking equations were used to analyze the flow and sound power numerically, respectively, and a virtual acoustic radiation plane was designed and used for the implementation of the sound field. The accuracy and numerical characteristics of the numerical methods were validated by comparing simulated acoustic power levels with acoustic power levels measured.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.92-92
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• 2021

체외수정을 기반으로 이루어지는 성게의 수정 과정은 성게 주변에서 형성되는 복잡한 난류 흐름의 영향을 받게 된다. 성게 몸체의 하류부에 형성되는 재순환 영역 (recirculation zone) 내에는 다양한 난류 와류 흐름이 존재하며, 이들은 성게 몸체에서 방출된 정자와 난자의 충돌을 일으키고 수정 과정에 지대한 영향을 미친다. 즉, 성게의 수정 과정을 이해하기 위해서는 성게 주변의 흐름에 대한 유체역학적 관점에서의 분석이 수행되어야 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 성게 몸체에 의해 발생한 난류 흐름이 성게의 체외 수정에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 상용 프로그램인 오픈폼 (OpenFaom)을 활용하여 수치 모의를 수행하였다. 성게 주변의 유동장은 LES (Large Eddy Simulation)을 기반으로 모의하였고, 정자와 난자의 확산 궤적은 라그랑지안 입자 추적 (Lagrangian Particle Tracking) 알고리즘을 통해 구현하였다. 총 5개의 유속 조건 (0.025 - 0.20 m/s) 에 대해 모의를 수행하였으며 정자와 난자 사이의 거리를 바탕으로 수정률을 산정하였다. 정자와 난자의 뭉쳐있거나 퍼져있는 공간적인 분포 형태는 Standardized Morisita 지수를 통해 수치적으로 표현하였으며 이들과 수정률과의 관계를 규명하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 성게 수정은 유속 조건이 0.1 m/s일 때 가장 빈번하게 발생하였으며, 성게 수정의 성공 여부는 크게 2가지 조건에 의해 결정되었다. 첫 번째로, Standardized Morisita 지수가 높을수록 다시 말해 생식세포들이 공간적으로 뭉쳐있어야 하며 두 번째는, 생식세포들을 충돌시킬 수 있는 원동력인 작은 와류가 존재해야 한다. 와류의 크기가 너무 크게 되면 생식세포들은 충돌하지 않고 확산만 되기 때문에 오히려 수정률이 감소하였다. 영역별로 분석한 결과에 따르면, 성게 몸체에 의해 형성된 재순환 영역이 수정과정에 있어 가장 지배적인 영역임을 확인하였다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5B
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• pp.591-594
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• 2008

Present study aims at the development of a reasonable boundary condition for a structure over inclined seabed in case of the numerical model with quadrilateral mesh system. The technique for the inclined impermeable/permeable boundary in the quadrilateral mesh is newly proposed. The new technique and LES-WASS-3D model (Hur and Lee, 2007) have been used for the investigation of the dynamics of fluid field, and validated through the comparison with a typical stair-type boundary condition. 3-Dimensional numerical model with Large Eddy Simulation is called LES-WASS-3D, and is able to simulate directly interaction of WAve Structure Sea bed/Sandy beach.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2016

Cryogenic spray characteristics of a nitrogen swirl injector operating in supercritical environment have been numerically investigated. By comparing the equation of states(EOS) used for supercritical condition, SRK EOS was applied to predict the nitrogen thermodynamic property under supercritical environment. A Chung's method was implemented for the calculation of viscosity and conductivity and Takahashi's correlation based on Fuller's Theorem was implemented for the calculation of diffusion coefficient. By injecting the nitrogen with 5 bar differential pressure into 50 bar chamber filled with nitrogen, numerical simulation has been conducted. The dynamic Smagorinsky sub-grid scale (SGS) model has been compared with the algebraic Smagorinsky SGS model using FFT frequency analysis. The instability at the liquid film and gas core inside injector and the propagation of pressure oscillation into the injector has been investigated. The spreading angle of swirl injector obtained by numerical calculation has been validated with experimental result.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.127-136
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• 2022

In this work a multi-fidelity non-intrusive polynomial chaos (MF-NIPC) has been applied to a structural wind engineering problem in architectural design for the first time. In architectural design it is important to design structures that are safe in a range of wind directions and speeds. For this reason, the computational models used to design buildings and bridges must account for the uncertainties associated with the interaction between the structure and wind. In order to use the numerical simulations for the design, the numerical models must be validated by experi-mental data, and uncertainties contained in the experiments should also be taken into account. Uncertainty Quantifi-cation has been increasingly used for CFD simulations to consider such uncertainties. Typically, CFD simulations are computationally expensive, motivating the increased interest in multi-fidelity methods due to their ability to lev-erage limited data sets of high-fidelity data with evaluations of more computationally inexpensive models. Previous-ly, the multi-fidelity framework has been applied to CFD simulations for the purposes of optimization, rather than for the statistical assessment of candidate design. In this paper MF-NIPC method is applied to flow around a rectan-gular 5:1 cylinder, which has been thoroughly investigated for architectural design. The purpose of UQ is validation of numerical simulation results with experimental data, therefore the radius of curvature of the rectangular cylinder corners and the angle of attack are considered to be random variables, which are known to contain uncertainties when wind tunnel tests are carried out. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are solved by a solver that employs the Finite Element Method (FEM) for two turbulence modeling approaches of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations: Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) and the Large Eddy simulation (LES). The results of the uncertainty analysis with CFD are compared to experimental data in terms of time-averaged pressure coefficients and bulk parameters. In addition, the accuracy and efficiency of the multi-fidelity framework is demonstrated through a comparison with the results of the high-fidelity model.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.545-555
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• 2012

A numerical modeling has become increasingly popular and more important to the study of water waves with a rapid advancement of computer technology. However, different types of problems are induced during simulating wave motion. One of the key problems is re-reflection to a computation domain at the incident boundary. The internal wave generating-absorbing boundary conditions have been commonly used in numerical wave models to prevent re-reflection. For the Navier-Stokes equations model, the internal wave maker using a mass source function of the continuity equation has been used to generate various types of waves. Nonetheless, almost every numerical experiment is performed in two dimensions and only a few tests have been expanded to three dimensions. More recently, a momentum source function of the Boussinesq equations is applied to generate essentially directional waves in the three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations model. In this study, the internal wave maker using a momentum source function is employed to generate targeted linear waves in the three-dimensional LES model.