• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 2009

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), also known as an acute inflammatory lung disease is developed by various factors that is originated from the destruction of alveolar-capillary barrier, and neutrophils plays an important role in the destruction. The study intended to confirm, the anti-inflammatory effect of germanium, whether a lung injury has been mitigated with the reduction of injury in alveolar-capillary barrier resulting from inhibition of neutrophils migration in lung tissue. Test groups were divided in saline administered CON, 5 hours of endotoxin administered LPS and 5 hours of endotoxin administered Ge+LPS following 1 hours of pre-processed germanium. $100{\mu}g$ endotoxin was melted in 0.5 mL saline and sprayed into airway and 26 mg germanium per 100 g weight was administered into abdominal cavity. The endotoxin group which induced an acute lung injury with administered endotoxin showed dramatic increase of pulmonary edema (p<0.001), protein contents in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF (p<0.05) and neutrophils of infiltration in BALF (p<0.001) comparing with a control group, while a pre-treated germanium group showed significant decrease in all categories comparing to the endotoxin administerd group. In the result of a microscopic observation, the structure of alveolar-capillary barrier which is constructed with basal lamina, alveolar type I cells and endothelial cell were preserved of the pre-treated germanium group relatively well compare to the endotoxin administered group. And the construction of lamellar body, microvilli and basal lamina of alveolar type II cells were also preserved relatively well. Hence, germanium activates as an anti-Inflammatory mediator in other words, it interfered neutrophils migration into lung tissue, thereby reduced injury of alveolar-capillary barrier from toxic substances of activated neutrophils. Consequently, the study has determined that the acute lung injury induced by endotoxin has been decreased by the pre-treated germanium.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.383-403
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive nerve cells in the diagonal band of Broca of the rat basal forebrains, utilizing techniques of immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical microscopy. The ChAT-immunoreactivities were shown within neuronal cell bodies and processes by the light micoscope. According to cell shape and ratio of long axis vs short axis of cell body, the ChAT-immunoreaclive nerve cells in both vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca were classified into 6 types. at the light microscopic level; round, oval, elongated, fusiform, triangular and polygonal types. As a result of the electron microscopic observation, the ChAT-immunoreactivated products appeared on the outer nuclear envelope, membranes of rough endoplasmic reticula (rER), free ribosomes and polysomes. Each cell type was subdivided into subtype I and II according to the several criteria such as volume of cell body, nuclear size relative to the cytoplasm, kinds and distribution of cell organelles and numbers and sorts of synapses. The subtype I of immnunoreactive nerve cells had large cell body and a small nucleus showing shallow indentations of nuclear evelope. In this subtype I with abundant cytoplasm, rER were well differentiated. Their long cisternae were parallelly ditributed and lamellated. One or two lamellar bodies and nematosomes were observed. The subtype II cell had small cell body and a large nucleus with deep indentations of nuclear envelope. In this subtype II with small cytoplasm, the rER were irregularly distributed and the lamellar body and nematosome were not found. A few axosomatic synapses in the subtype I and II were shown to be symmetric or asymmetric. The ratios of the symmetric synapse to the asymmetric one were investigated to be 1 : 2 and 1 : 4 in the subtype I and II, respectively. The axodendritic ones were almost asymmetric. But, the fusiform and triangular immunoreactive nerve cells were shown only to be subtype I. According to observations in this study, it is considered that the ultrastructural characterization in the 2 subtypes of each cell type may reflect the differences of the metabolic activities and projecting distances to the target cells.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

This study is to make the liquid crystalline structure using sucrose distearate (Sucro-DS) emulsifier to create the hydrophilic type oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, the droplets of the emulsion having a structure of a multi-lamellar structure. We have studied the physicochemical properties of Sucro-DS using those techniques. And it has been studied in the emulsion performance. In order to form the liquid crystalline structure applying 3 wt% of Sucro-DS, 5 wt% of glycerin, 5 wt% of squalane, 5 wt% of capric/caprylic triglyceride, 3wt% of cetostearyl alcohol, 1wt% of glyceryl mono-stearate, 78 wt% of pure water in mixture having the lamellar structure of stable multi-layer system was found to formed. By applying them, they were described how to create an unstable active material encapsulated cream. Further, the moisturizing cream was studied using this technique. It reported the results to the skin improvement effect by the human clinical trials. The pH range to produce a stable liquid crystal phase using a Sucro-DS was maintained in 5.2~7.5. In order to increase the stability of the liquid crystal, it was when behenyl alcohol containing 3 wt%, the hardness at this time was 13 kg/mm,min. Viscosity of the same amount was 25,000mPas/min. After a test for the effects of the emulsions, the concentration of 6 wt% Sucro-DS is that was appropriate, the particle size of the liquid crystal was 4~6mm. It was observed through a microscope analysis, reliability of the liquid crystal changes for 3 months was found to get stable at each $4^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$. In clinical trial test, before applying a moisturizing effect it was $13.4{\pm}7%$. Moisturizing cream liquid crystal was not formed in $14.5{\pm}5%$. Therefore, applying than ever before could see the moisture about 8.2% was improved. On the other hand, it was the moisturizing effect of the liquid cream is $19.2{\pm}7%$. The results showed that 43.3% improvement than that previously used. Applications fields, Sucro-DS emulsifier used liquid cream, lotion, eye cream and a variety of formulations can be developed, as well as the cosmetics industry is expected to be wide fields in the application of the external preparation for skin emulsion technology in the pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical industry.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.276-284
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of calcium and vitamin D to the titanium implant osseointegration in the osteoporosisinduced animal model. Material and method: Thirty-two rats, 10 weeks of age, were divided into two groups: experimental group was ingested additional calcium and vitamin D, and a control group was not. Titanium screw implant(diameter, 2.0 mm; length, 3.5 mm; pitch-height 0.4 mm) were placed into tibia of 32 rats, 16 in the control group and 16 in the experimental group. The rats were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after implantation for histopathologic examination, histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry with fibronectin and collagen type I antibody. Result: In histopathological findings, newly formed bone was seen at 2 weeks and became lamellar bone at 4 weeks, and mature trabecullar bone was seen at 8 weeks in experimental group. In control group, thickness of regenerated bone increased till 4 weeks gradually and trabecullar bone was seen at 8 weeks. In histomorphometric analysis, marrow bone density increased significantly in experimental group compared to control group. Fibronectin immunoreactivity was strong at 2 weeks in experimental group and reduced after 4 weeks gradually. But it was maintained continuously from 2 to 8 weeks in control group. Collagen type I immunoreactivity was very strong from 2 to 4 week in experimental group. And the amount of Collagen type I expression was more abundant in experimental group. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that calcium and vitamin D supplementation promote bone healing around titanium implants in osteoporosis induced animals.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.35-43
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• 2011

The area to be studied is the place where the main line rail way will be constructed in accordance with the scheduled construction project of Yeongju dam, and is a fold and mylonite zone over several km that is formed by ductile-shearing effect. The ductile shear zone, which has been transformed by faulting for long geological time, shows a complicated geological structure. Due to the recrystallization of mineral caused by transformation in deep underground (>8km), a mylonite zone with lamellar structure has properties distinguished from other fault zones formed by transformation near earth surface <2km). To see the properties of mylonite, this study analyzed the transformation rate of sample rocks and the shape of constriction structure accompanied with transformation. While the transformation of fault zone shows a round oblate, the mylonite zone shows a prolate form. Transformation rate in fault zone was measured to be less than 1.2 compared to the state before transformation while the measured rate in mylonite zone was 2.5 at most. Setting the surface of discontinuity as the base, the unconfined compressive strength of slickenside can be categorized in sedimentary rocks, and a change of strength was observed after water soaking over certain time. Taking into account that the weathering resistance of the rock based on mineral and chemical organization is relatively higher, its engineering properties seems to result from the shattered crack structure by crushing effect. When undertaking tunnel construction in mylonite zone, there should be a special care for the expansion of shattered cracks or the fall of strength by influx of ground water.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.657-663
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• 2011

Structure directing agent(SDA) containing piperidine moiety such as piperidine(PI), 2-methylpiperidine (MPI), 2,6-dimethylpiperidine(DMPI) and 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine(TMPI), respectively has been utilized to synthesize aluminophosphate zeolite using hydrothermal method. The gel composition was $1.0Al_2O_3:1.0P_2O_5:0.76SDA:45H_2O$ and the hydrothermal heating was performed in an oven at 443 K and for 7 days at static mode. The obtained zeolitic material contained a lamellar structure when PI was used as the SDA. With a progressive increase of the SDA size, various structures of aluminophosphate including AlPO-5 of AFI structure were obtained. The aluminophosphate of SAS structure was formed when the largest TMPI was utilized as the SDA, which was confirmed by the Rietveld refinement. The result of $^{27}Al$ and $^{31}P$ MAS NMR of the sample suggested that Al and P were incorporated into the framework of the aluminophosphate.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.39-52
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• 1995

Pinealocytes in the lower vertebrate are known to have photoreceptive function. These photoreceptor cells have been characterized morphologically in various species of lower vertebrates. No such ultrastructural studies, however, were reported in fresh water turtle. The purpose of this study is to characterize the pinealocytes and the phylogenetic evoluton of these cells is discussed in terms of functional analogy. I. Light microscopy: The pineal body was divided into incomplete lobules by connective tissue septa containing blood vessels, and parenchymal cells were arranged as irregular cords or follicular pattern. In the lobules, glandular lumina were present and contained often densely stained materials. II. Electron microscopy: The pineal parenchyma had three categories of cells: photoreceptor cells, supportive cells and nerve cells. The photoreceptor cells had darker cytoplasm compared to the supportive cells, and the enlarged apical cytoplasm(inner segment) containing abundant mitochondria and dense cored vescles protruded into the glandular lumen in which lamellar membrane stacks(outer segment), dense membranous materials, and cilia were present. Some of these lamellated membrane stacks appeared to be dege-nerating while others were apparently newly formed. Constricted neck portion of the photoreceptor cells contained longitudinally arranged abundant microtubules. centrioles and cross-striated rootlets. Cell body had well developed Golgi apparatus, abundant mitochondria, dense granules($0.5{\sim}1{\mu}m$), dense cored vesicles($70{\sim}100nm$), and rough endoplasmic reticulum occasionally with dense material within its cisterna. Basal portion of the photoreceptor cells had basal processes often with synaptic ribbons, which terminate in the complicated zone of cellular and neuronal processes. Synatpic ribbons often made contact with the nerve processes and the cell processes of neighboring cells. In some instances, these ribbons were noted free within the basal process and were also present at the basal cell mem-brane facing the basal lamina. Obvious nerve endings with clear and dense cored vesicles were observed among the parenchymal cells. Photoreceptor cells of the snapping turtle pineal body were generally similar in fine structure to those of other lower verterbrates reported previously, and suggested to have both photoreceptive and secretory functions which were modulated by pinealofugal and pinealopedal nerves. The supportive cells were characterized by having large dense granules($0.3{\sim}1{\mu}m$), abundant ribosomes, well developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. These cells were furnished with microvilli on the luminal cell surfaces, and often had centrioles, striated rootlets, abundant filaments especially around the nucleus, and scattered microtubules. Some supportive cells had cell body close to the lumen and extended a long process reaching to basal lamina, which appeared to be a glial cell. Nerve cells within the parenchyma were difficult to identify, but some large cells located basally were suspected to be nerve cells, since they had synaptic ribbon contact with photoreceptor cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 1997

The morphological development of lungs in fetuses of 60, 90 and 120 days of gestation and neonates of Korean native goats was investigated by light, scanning and transmission electron mictroscope. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Gross findings ; In the 60-days-old fetus, the lung was developed and differentiated into six lobes. 2. Light microscopic findings : The gland-like bronchioles were formed in loose mesenchyme at 60 days of gestation and the bronchial wall contained smooth muscles. The loose mesenchyme had been replaced by compact parenchymal tissue at 90 days of gestation and the cartilage plates appeared in bronchial wall which contained blood vessels, submucosal glands and smooth muscles. The lung parenchyma consisted of a fine network of alveoli at 120 days of gestation and the bronchial wall contained well-developed blood vessels, submucosal glands, cartilage plates and smooth muscles. In neonates, the lung tissue was similar to the mature lung tissue and the bronchial wall contained well developed cartilage plates. 3. Scanning electron microscopic findings : The epithelial cells lining the tubules were composed of cuboidal or columnar at 60 days of gestation and the epithelial cells lining the large airways were often ciliated : some were covered with stubby microvilli. The epithelial cells lining the canals were cuboidal at 90 days of gestation and the epithelial cells lining the bronchioles were ciliated cells or nonciliated(clara) cells, The clara cells contained row microvilli. The alvealor development of this stage was rapidly progressed ; the subdivision of canals by alveolar crests and assosiated wall attenuation resulted alveoli at 120 days of gestation and the respiratory bronchioles were lined by ciliated or nonciliated epithelial cells. In neonates, the epithelial cells lining the alveolar walls were mainly covered with pneumocyte type I ; Some were covered with pneu-mocyte type II. 4. Transmission electron microscopic findings : The epithelial cells lining the tubules were adhered with tight junction at apical borders of the adjacent cells at 60 days of gestation, which contained few organells and glycogen. The epithelial cells lining the canals were composed mostly of cuboidal cell at 90 days of gestation and the epithelial cells lining of the bronchioles were ciliated of nonciliated cell, which contained few organelles and abundant glycogen. The epithelial cells lining the alveolar walls were composed of pneumocyte type I and a few pneumocyte type II at 120 days of gestation. The epithelial cells lining of the bronchioles were ciliated or nonciliated cells. In neonates, pneumocyte type I was observed as flat and thin cytoplasmic extension in shape. Otherwise, pneumocyte type II was observed as cuboidal type with apical microvilli and contained osmiophillic lamellar inclusion bodies. Putting these various experiment results together, the lung development was slowly progressed at early stage, which was rapidly progressed in the late stage of gestation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 1976

The origins and the functions of the multi vesicular bodies and the various structures of the membranes related to the cytolysomes were studied in the mycelium cells of Rhizopus nigricans, Aspergillus niger and A. ochraceus, in the hymenium and basidium cells of Agricus bisporus sand Rhizopogon rubesecens, in the cells of assimilation tissue of Marchtantia polymorpha and Pogonalum inflexum and in the mesophyll cells of Pteridium aqiulinum, Pinus densiflora, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng fixed with glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde-$ OsO_4$. In Rhizopus nigricans, Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, Agricus bisporus sand Rhizopogon rubescens, the concentric multilamellar, multivesicular, myelin-vesicle-tubular and concentric parallel-lamellar complexes were originated from the plasmalemma, while in Marehantia polymorpha, Pogonatum inflexum, Pteridium aquilinum, Pinus densiflora, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng, they were originated from plasmalemma and the cytoplasm. The structures originated from the plasmalemma may be grouped into multi vesicular body and myelin-like structure, both forming the secondary vacuoles or protruding into the central vacuoles and finally degrading, In some cases, endoplasmic reticulum within the cytoplasm encloses some part of the cytoplasm to form a circle where the membranous lamellae increase in number, while the enclosed cytoplasm decrease to be eventually replaced by the multilamellar structure which is released into the vacuoles and subsquently degraded. The structures originated from the cytoplasm are believed to be the cytosegresomes or cytolysomes closely related to the differentiation of the vacuoles. The possible fate of these structures are also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2001

The pineal gland of the bird occupies a key position in the phylogenetic evolution of this organ. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental changes of the pineal gland during post-hatching period in Korean pheasant. The pheasants were sacrificed at 1-day-, 1-month-, 2-month-, and 6-month-old after hatching. The morphological characteristics of a pineal glands were determined in all pheasants using light microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Connective tissue originated from the capsule divided the pineal parenchyma into incomplete lobules. The parenchyma was consisted of pinealocytes and supportive cells. These parenchymal cells were arranged in the forms of solid lobules as well as incomplete follicles. At the follicular lumen, membraneous lamellar complexes and blob -like structures were present. Pinealocyte, a predominent cell type, had euchromatic nucleus, and showed the segmental organization. The bulbous apical portion had scanty free ribosomes and occasional cilia associated with basal bodies. The constricted neck, transitional portion from apical to pericarya had junctional complexes with adjacent supportive cells, and had microtubules. Cell body contained abundant mitochondria, well-developed Golgi complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and free ribosomes. Basal processes extended from the base of the cell soma toward the basal lamina and contained 60∼90 nm dense cored vesicles. Supportive cells, another major type of the parenchyma, were characterized by the dense and elongated nucleus, and contained moderate number of mitochondria, RER, developed Golgi complex, free ribosomes and a few dense bodies in the perinuclear cytoplasm. Slender processes of supportive cells interposed between the pinealocytes and often bordered the basal region of the parenchyma. These results indicate that the pinealocytes of the pheasant are not rudimentary photoreceptor cells, and appear to have secretory function. Further studies will be required to confirm the morphological characteristics of pineal gland in adult pheasant during breeding and nonbreeding season.