• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 1997

Diet is generally accepted as one of the important factors in human cancer development. Ethyl carbamate has been associated with cancer for several decades and mainly found in the fermented beverages and foodstuff. The relationship between ethyl carbamate and the human health cannot be ignored especially in the areas where fermented foods consists of regular food consumption. To investigate the ethyl carbamate exposure level in Korean population, commercial fermented food samples were collected form local markets I Seoul area and home-made varieties were collected throughout the country. Following partial purification the concentration of ethyl carbamete was determined by GC/ MS. The concentration of ethyl carbamate ranged to 70 ppb in soysauce, to 10 ppb in soybean paste, and to 5 ppb in vinegars. Korean traditional alcoholic beverages showed small amount of ethyl carbamate. The estimated daily exposure of Korean population was 0~1900ng/day. It would be prudent to put efforts to minimize the formation of ethyl carbamate since the risk from the higher range exposure cannot be ignored.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.274-279
• /
• 2001

일반적으로 메주나 된장 등의 한국 전통발효식품에는 Aspergillus aryzae나 A. nigar 등과 같은 곰팡이독소를 생성하지 않는 균이 주로 서식하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 때로는 A. flavus나 A. paraciticus와 같은 유해곰팡이가 오염되어 발효나 저장 중에 aflatoxin이 축적될 수 도 있다. 따라서 이들 전통발효식품에서의 aflatoxin 생성균의 검색이 이들 식품의 안전성 확보를 위해 매우 중요하다고 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 면역분석기법을 이용하여 서부경남 시판메주 및 된장에서 aflatoxin 생성균을 검색하였다. 시료로는 서부경남 9개 지역으로부터 메주 10개와 된장 20개를 수집하였고, 수집된 시료로부터 메주에서는 24개 그리고 된장에서는 22개의 Aspergillus속 균을 분리하였다. 분리균들은 SLS 배지에 접종하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 배양한 다음, 배양액을 ethyl acetate로 추출하고, DC-ELISA법으로 배양물중의 AFB$_1$을 측정하였다. 그 결과 메주로부터 분리된 균주 중에는 6균주가, 된장에서 분리된 균주에는 2균주가 AFB$_1$을 생산하는 것으로 확인되었다. 메주에서 분리된 6균주의 AFB1 생성량은 평균 54.6$\pm$38.7ng/ml 이었고, 된장에서 분리한 2균주는 평균 11.1 $\pm$ 8.6 ng/ml 의 AFB$_1$을 생산하였다. 그 중 분리균 No. M-5-4는 98.26 ng/ml의 AFB$_1$을 생산하여 가장 높은 생성능을 보였다. 아울러 TLC에 의해 aflatoxin생성능을 재확인 한 결과 DC-ELISA의 결과와 유사하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 식품의 안전성과 한국에서의 전통발효식품산업에의 HACCP 시스템 도입을 위해 발효식품에서의 유해곰팡이독소 생성균의 검색은 필요하다고 사료되는 바이다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.184-189
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 강원전통장류로부터 혈전용해 활성이 우수한 효모를 분리하였다. 된장에서 분리한 AFY-1 균주는 혈전용해 활성 측정결과 양성대조구인 plasmin 보다 약 1.75배 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 분리한 효모는 18S rRNA 염기서열 및 탄소원 이용 특성 분석을 통하여 Saccharomycetales sp.로 동정되었으며, AFY-1 균주의 생육 최적온도는 $32^{\circ}C$였다. 본 연구에서 분리된 혈전용해능이 우수한 효모균주는 안전성 검증 등 추가연구를 통해 발효식품 제조용 스타터로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.348-353
• /
• 2005

천연물 중에서 사자발쑥과 인진쑥, 홍경천, 청국장, 된장 추출물로 미백효과를 측정하였다. 쑥 10 g에 300 mL의 에탄올로 상온에서 3 h의 초음파 추출을 진행하였다. 추출물을 차례로 같은 양의 헥산, 클로로포름, 에틸아세테트로 분배과정을 거쳤다. 홍경천 5 g에 150 mL의 메탄올을 첨가하고 상온에서 12 h을 냉침하여 얻은 추출물을 액체 크로마토그래피를 통과하였다. 제조용 컬럼($3.9{\times}250mm$, $C_{18}$, $15{\mu}m$)을 통하여 두개 부분의 분획물을 획득할 수 있었다. 청국장과 된장은 60% 에탄올을 사용하여 추출하였다. 티로시나아제 억제활성과 멜라닌 억제효과로 미백효과를 측정하였다. 쑥의 경우 항산화효과에서는 인진쑥의 물층, 멜라닌 억제 효과에서는 사자발쑥의 헥산층, 인진쑥의 클로로포름층이 우수하였다. 홍경천 추출물은 in-vivo melanin production ratio assay에서 melanin-a 세포를 사용한 결과 미백효과는 알부틴보다 우수하였다. 청국장과 된장의 60% 에탄올 추출물은 미백효과를 나타내지 않았다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1986

This sudy was conductted for the purpose of determining the optimal amounts of soy tauce, soy bean paste and hot pepper paste, in 3 different Korean soups and comparing the effect of condiments such as salt, soy sauce, black pepper, and Mono Sodium Glutamate, on the taste of two basic Korean Stocks, The results estimated by Palatability Test were as follows: 1. The average NaCl contents of two kinds of commercial soysauce were 15.9%, 25.6%, respectively. 2. The NaCl contents of 2% sardine stock, and 19% beef stock were 0.16~1.17%, 0.17~0.18% respectively. 3. @ According to Saltiness in sardine stock, there was no difference between the soy sauce-added group and the salt-added group. However, for the removing effect of Off-flavor, and Overall Taste, the soy sauce-group had higher score than salt-added group respectively. (p>.0.1) ⓑ In beef stock, there was no difference between the soysauce-added group and the salt-added group in Saltiness test. The soy sauce-added group had higher score in removing effect of Off-flavor (p>.0.1). On other hand, in Overall Taste, the salt- added group was more effective than the soy sauce-added (p>.0.1). 4 @ According to Saltiness test in beef stock, there was no difference between the black pepper-added and non-added group. However, for the removing effect of Off-flavor and, Overall Taste, the added group had higher score than the non-added group, respectively. (p>.10, p>.0.5) ⓑ Also, according to Saltiness test in beef stock, there was no diffetrence between the MSG-added group and non-added group. However for the removing effect of Off-flavor, and Overall taste, the MSG-added group was more effective than the non-added group. (p>.01) 5. The best recipes of soybean sprouts soup for S persons, in this experiment, were soybean sprouts 180 g, sardine 28 g, soysauce 1/2 T.S., salt 7 g, green onion 15 g, choppedgarlic It. s., against 7 C of water, and total cooking time was 20 minutes. 6. The best recipes of clear-beef soup were beef 200 g, radish 200 g, tangle weed 10 g, sesame oil 1/2 t.s., green onion 15 g, chopped garlic 1 t.s., black Pepper 1/8 1.s., and soy sauce 1 T.S., salt 7 g or soy sauce 2 T S., salt 3.5 g. The total cooking time was minutes. 7, The best recipes of soybean pasted Chinese cabbage soup were Chinese cabbage 300 g, sardine 28 g, green onion 15 g, chopped garlic 1 t.s., and bean paste 50 g, hot pepper paste 13 g, salt 3g or bean paste 65 g, hot pepper paste 16 g, salt 1.5 g. And the total cooking time was 25 minutes. 8. Soy sauce, black pepper, M.S.G., bean paste and hot pepper paste were effective on removing Off-flavor of experimental soups.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.428-455
• /
• 2010

Radish kimchi is a typical side-dish in Korean traditional food and is a way of keeping vegetables for a extended period using fermentation. This study examined the classification, usage, eating history, variety, and recipes of Korean radish kimchi through ancient and modern era literature. The Korean radish kimchi were categorized into six groups: kkakttugi, seokbakji (or nabakkimchi), dongchimi, jjanji, jangachi, and jangkwa. According to the record, the eating history of radish kimchi comes from before the age of the Three Kingdom period. Radish was preserved in salt, vinegar, soybean paste or lees of fermented liquor in the early times. This pickled radish was not supposed to be watery. Radish kimchi was divided into watery kimchi (dongchimi) during the period of United Silla and the Koryo Dynasty. Kimchi was mixed with Chinese cabbage to make seokbakji or nabakkimchi. Up to the early Chosun Dynasty, the key ingredient of kimchi was radish. After the middle of the Chosun Dynasty, kimchi was mixed with red pepper powder, salted fish, soybean sauce, and various ingredients. There were many kinds of radish kimchi during the late Chosun Dynasty. In the 11 Korean recipe books published within the past 100 years, there are nine kinds of kkakttugi, three kinds of seokbakji, four kinds of dongchimi, three kinds of jjanji, nine kinds of jangachi, and five kinds of jangkwa. Kkakttugi (cubed, sliced or julienne radish) was pickled with salt, red pepper powder, garlic, green onion, oyster, sugar, salted fish, and more. Seokbakji and nabakkimchi were not as salty, so they could not be preserved as long. Dongchimi (watery radish kimchi without red pepper powder) was made of radish, water, salt, 18 side ingredients, 13 condiments, and seven garnishes. Jjanji was pickled to be very salty and was eaten during summer. Jangachi can be used as a regular side dish and is made of radish or dried radish slices pickled or seasoned with salt, soy sauce, vinegar, soybean paste, lees of fermented liquor, and spices. Jangkwa is used as a stir-fry method and has been segregated from jangachi relatively recently.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.820-826
• /
• 2017

대두는 된장, 간장, 스낵 등 전통식품의 주요 원료이며, 열처리 공정은 대두의 가공과정에서 대부분 수반되는 단위 조작이다. 본 연구에서는 열처리가 대두의 이화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 상업적인 조건에서 대두를 증자, 가열팽화, 튀김 처리한 다음 단백질의 분자량 분포와 용해도, 수분과 유지 흡착력 및 열 특성과 산패도의 변화를 조사하였다. 대두는 가열처리에 의하여 단백질이 10-40 kDa 범위의 작은 분자량으로 분해되는 경향을 나타내었다. 대두의 용융 엔탈피는 199.62 J/g이었으며 열처리에 의하여 123.07-135.90 J/g 범위로 엔탈피가 감소하였고 지질 산화를 보여주는 fluorescence intensity도 열처리로 증가하였으며 열처리 효과는 튀김, 증자, 가열팽화의 순으로 높았다. 또한 대두의 수분 흡착력은 열처리 한 경우가 비열처리 대두보다 상대적으로 높았으며, 단백질의 용해도는 산성 영역(pH 3-6)에서 같은 경향을 보였다. 결과적으로 대두는 가열처리에 의하여 용융 엔탈피가 감소하고 단백질이 분해되며 지질 산화와 용해도 및 수분흡착력이 증가하는데 대두에 대한 열처리의 효과는 튀김 공정에서 뚜렷하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.187-195
• /
• 2017

전통장류로부터 분리 된 효소 활성 및 probiotic효과가 우수한 유산균을 접종하여 제조된 콩 발효물의 품질특성을 분석하였다. 일반세균수는 유산균을 접종한 콩 발효물이 $4.10{\times}10^9-7.75{\times}10^9CFU/mL$으로 나타났다. 유산균수를 측정 결과 유산균을 접종한 콩 발효물은 $2.85{\times}10^9-4.35{\times}10^9CFU/mL$으로 높게 나타났다. ${\alpha}-Amylase$ 활성 측정 결과 I13과 JSA22를 접종한 콩 발효물은 $1.05{\pm}0.91$, $3.13{\pm}1.39unit/mL$으로 가장 낮았다. 또한 JSB22는 $12.56{\pm}1.39unit/mL$으로 유산균 접종 콩 발효물 중 가장 높았다. Protease 활성 측정 결과, control이 $333.13{\pm}17.68unit/mL$으로 가장 높았으며, 유산균을 접종한 콩 발효물은 JSB22를 접종한 콩 발효물이 $166.67{\pm}2.37unit/mL$으로 높았다. 환원당 함량을 측정한 결과 유산균 접종 콩 발효물 중 JSB22가 $1.23{\pm}0.035%$로 가장 높았다. 아미노태 질소 함량 또한 JSB22가 $94.52{\pm}3.86mg%$으로 높게 나타났다. 아미노산함량을 측정한 결과 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, leusine 순으로 많이 함유하고 있었다. 유기산 함량을 분석한 결과 lactic acid, oxalic acid가 많이 측정되었다. 향기분석 측정 결과 총 39종(ester류 2종, ketose 5종, alcohol 7종, hydrocarbons 14종, heterocyclic compounds 3종, acid 4종, other 5종)이 검출되었다. 세 가지 균주에서 공통적으로 benzene(81.43-98.54 ppm)과 acetic acid, ethyl ester(44.79-56.74 ppm)가 많이 검출되었다. 본 연구는 전통장류 유래 기능성 우수 유산균주를 이용한 콩발효물의 기초적 품질특성에 관한 내용으로 미생물학적 및 이화학적 관련 특성을 분석하여 제시하였다. 유산균 이용 생물전환에 의한 다양한 기능성 물질이 생성 되었을 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구결과가 기능성 콩 발효소재 개발의 좋은 기초자료가 될 것으로 생각되며, 장류 품질개선 기능성 스타터 개발에 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.319-326
• /
• 1999

A survey on the traditional management of dietary life, seasonal diets, and frequency of using traditional fermented foods, was conducted from six hundred forty housewives living in rural areas of Yosu and Yocheon district, and the following results were obtained. 1. Majority of the subjects was in the range of 50-59 years old (43.1%), elementary schooling in education (38.1%), composition of family with parents and children (57.5%) with 3-4 family members (40.6%), and annual income of 5-8 million Won. 2. Korean style-house (36.7%), modernized kitchen (58.5%), and liquid fuel (69.7%) held the majority of the living environment. 3. Most of the households possessed refrigerator (98.9%), kitchenette range (98.4%) and electric rice pot (97.9%). 4. Access to traditional dishes was mostly prompted through elders or friends (84%). Preparing a meal was regarded to be a troublesome duty (41.5%). Husband's preference was the major factor for the meal preparation (53.7%) and about 30 min was spent for preparing dinner (53.7%). 5. Cooked rice was a main staple (99.5%) while three kinds of Kimchi (55.3%) were served as prime side dishes in the diets. Most Kimchi(94.7%) was prepared at home. To this basic menu, two or three side dishes were added at breakfast (77.2%), lunch (76.1%), and dinner (65.4%). MSG (mono-sodium glutamate) was consumed by 62.2% of the households. 6. Most rural households prepared traditional dishes on the traditional holidays in lunar calendar including New Year's Day (98.9%), First Full Moon of The Year (81.4%), and Autumn Full Moon (96.8%). 7 Traditional fermented foods prepared at home comprised Kimchi (87.2%), soybean paste (75.5%), red pepper soybean paste (73.9%), and soy sauce (70.7%).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.143-152
• /
• 2001

Korean-style fermented soybean paste (KFSP), Doenjang, is a traditional food that is consumed as a protein source in Korea. Recently, efforts to identify biolgocial response modifiers (BRMs) have been focused on food products. Accordingly, this study which isolated abiologically active substance form KFSP, named KFSP-BRM, ws defined to be aheat-stable carbohydrate with a molecular weight of 2,000 kDa. The biological activity of KFSP-BRM was not inactivated by treatment with an anti-LPS antibody. The oral as well as intraperitoneal treatment of mice with KFSP-BRM significantly enhanced the number of B cells expressing surface significantly enhanced the number of B cells expressing surface immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG). Subsequently, an increased level of immunoglobulins in the sera was also observed. In vitro. KFSP-BRM was found to upregulate the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 by mactro phages and B cells but not the production of IL-2 by T cells. In conclusion, these data demonstrate the presence of a BRM in KFSP, which may provide an additional benefit to those consuming it is a food. KFSP-BRM is a novel B cellmitogen distinct from fresh soybean lectin or B cell mitogens, such as LPS and Streptococcus protein A. The major biological effects of KFSP-BRM would appear to be anincreased production of IL-1 and IL-6 by macrophages and B cells, thereby enhancing the function of mature B cells.