• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

Real-Time Kinematic GPS positioning is widely used for many applications.Resolving ambiguities is the key to precise positioning. Integer ambiguity resolution isthe process of resolving the unknown cycle ambiguities of double difference carrierphase data as integers. Two important issues of resolving are efficiency andreliability. In the conventional search techniques, we generally used chi-squarerandom variables for decision variables. Mathematically, a chi-square random variableis the sum of mutually independent, squared zero-mean unit-variance normal(Gaussian) random variables. With this base knowledge, we can separate decisionvariables to several normal random variables. We showed it with related equationsand conceptual diagrams. With this separation, we can improve the computationalefficiency of the process without losing the needed performance. If we averageseparated normal random variables sequentially, averaged values are also normalrandom variables. So we can use them as decision variables, which prevent from asudden increase of some decision variable. With the method using averaged decisionvalues, we can get the solution more quicklv and more reliably.To verify the performance of our proposed algorithm, we conducted simulations.We used some visual diagrams that are useful for intuitional approach. We analyzedthe performance of the proposed algorithm and compared it to the conventionalmethods.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.101-111
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• 1999

Sedimentary organic matter, exposed to continental surficial environment, reacts with oxygen supplied from the atmosphee and forms carbon-containing oxidation products. Knowledge of the rate and mechanisms of sedimentary organic matter weathering is important because it is one of the major controls on atmospheric oxygen level through geologic time. Under the abiological conditions, the oxidation rate of coal organic matter by molecular oxygen is enhanced by the increase of oxygen concentration and temperature. At ambient temperature and pressure, aqueous coal oxidation results in the formation of dissolved $CO_2$ dissolved organic carbon and solid oxidation products which are all quantitatively significant reaction products. The effects of pH, ultraviolet light, and microbial activity on the weathering of sedimentary organic matter are poorly contrained. Based on the results of geochmical and environmental studies, it is believed that the photochemical reaction should play an important role in the decomposition and oxidation of sedimentary organic matter removed from the weathering profile. At higher pH conditions, the production rate of DOC can be accelerated due to base catalysis. These high molecular weight oranic matter can react with man-made pollutants such as heavy metal ions via adsorption/desorption or ion exchange reactions. The effect of microbial activity on the oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic matter is poorly understood and remains to be studied.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.21-31
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• 2003

The CLI(Consumer Life Information) is a new study to unite and create new values recognizing the importance of knowledge and information in information-oriented society based on domestic science and digital technology. The objective of this research is to define academic identity of consuming science and CLI, to analyze the theory, styles, manners, psychology and the concept of consumption, which is the base of consuming life, and to present the direction of CLI with tasks and three major axises of CLI. Nowadays, international order demands new paradigms from human beings. Especially, vision and creation of the values are settled as methodological ways considering the economic power. The CLI should be on the same horizon adjusting social change of pointing values and quality in consuming patterns of diversity and variety. Therefore, I would suggest the ways for the CLI to head for as follows. First, it is to perceive the 3 major Axises & Task of CLI. Second, it is to develope service (experiencing goods) and goods that can lead consuming lives. Third, it is to study merchandising strategy, to create new signs and symbols of goods, and to collaborate of R & D(reseach and developement) and Business. Fourth, it is to head for globalization. Consequantly, this study will be helpful to establish the theory of relationship between producer and consumer in fashion business included research and developments of qualitative goods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2011.06c
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• pp.307-310
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• 2011

최근 멀티미디어 데이터의 급속한 증가는 그를 대상으로 하는 다양한 컴퓨팅 기술의 발전을 가져왔다. 이러한 기술이 인간과의 상호 작용에서 그 양적 범위와 질적 깊이를 더해감에 따라, 멀티미디어 데이터 특히 그 중 가장 대표적이라 할 수 있는 이미지 데이터를 의미적으로 이해할 수 있는 방법의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 이미지의 의미를 이해하기 위해 저수준(low level)의 시각 정보만을 이용하는 경우 인간과의 상호 작용에서 의미 격차(conceptual gap) 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 이미지 객체의 시각 정보들을 가공해서 온톨로지(ontology)와 같은 형태의 지식 베이스(knowledge base)와 연동하여 보다 고수준의 의미를 부여하는 경우에는 해당 도메인을 벗어난 새로운 환경에 대해 적응력과 강인함이 떨어진다. 이러한 문제를 근본적으로 해결하기 위해서는 지식 베이스가 없는 상태에서 이미지 데이터의 형태로 주어진 대상 객체로부터 의미를 부여할 수 있는 정보들을 추출해, 구조적으로 지식 베이스를 형성해 나가고 이를 토대로 대상 이미지 객체의 의미를 이해할 수 있는 시스템이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 발달 심리학 이론들을 바탕으로 시각과 관련된 인간의 생득적 능력을 찾고, 이를 기반으로 우선 주어진 이미지 객체로부터 의미 정보를 효과적으로 추출할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2015

This study presents new scheme for various walking pattern of biped robot under the limitted enviroments. We show that the neural network is significantly more attractive intelligent controller design than previous traditional forms of control systems. A multilayer backpropagation neural network identification is simulated to obtain a learning control solution of biped robot. Once the neural network has learned, the other neural network control is designed for various trajectory tracking control with same learning-base. The main advantage of our scheme is that we do not require any knowledge about the system dynamic and nonlinear characteristic, and can therefore treat the robot as a black box. It is also shown that the neural network is a powerful control theory for various trajectory tracking control of biped robot with same learning-vase. That is, we do net change the control parameter for various trajectory tracking control. Simulation and experimental result show that the neural network is practically feasible and realizable for iterative learning control of biped robot.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.147-158
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to obtain some knowledge about the acupuncture treatments on Parkinson's disease for the future practice and the research from the clinical studies in China. Methods : The literatures were searched using the data base-China Academic Journals (CAJ) (1994-2011). Clinical studies of acupuncture for Parkinson's disease such as randomized controlled trial (RCT), non-randomized controlled trial (NRCT), case series, case report were included. Results : Of 145 articles, 52 Clinical studies met our inclusion criteria: 20 RCTs, 7 NRCTs, 22 case series and 3 case reports. Various kinds of acupuncture treatments such as scalp acupuncture, body acupuncture, abdominal acupuncture, acupoint injection, eye acupuncture and thick needle acupuncture (粗鍼) were used in the clinical studies. The treatment and control groups take Madopa Tablet (Levodopa + Benserazide HCl) in the same time in many studies, and Madopa treatment was used as a comparative treatment in the most of studies. Acupuncture treatment was done daily or 2~3 times a week for 2~20 weeks. All of studies reported high effective rate in the treatment group compared to control group. Conclusions : The results of this study could be used for the future study about the acupuncture therapy for Parkinson's disease.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.07b
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• pp.606-608
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• 1997

In this paper, Neuro-Fuzzy Controller(NFC), a fuzzy system realized using a neural network, is to adopt for the multivariable system. In the multivariable system, the interactive effects between the variables should be taken into account. A simple compensator, using the steady-state information can be obtained for open-loop stable systems, is presented to cope with this problem. However, it should be supposed that the plant is unknown to the control system designer, but an estimate of the DC gain has been obtained by carrying out experiments on the plant. Also, if the variables are not combinated completely, it is difficult to design the controller. Therefore, we design a neuro-fuzzy controller which controls a multivariable system with only input output informations, and compare its performance with that of a PI controller. In the proposed controller, the construction of the membership functions and rule base, which is highly heuristic, can be achieved using a training process. This allows the combination of knowledge of human experts and evidence from input-output data.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2011

The prospects for growth of the nuclear power industry in Korea have improved remarkably as the demand for energy increases in stride with economic development. Meanwhile, as nuclear energy development is enhanced, nuclear technology has also improved evolutionarily and innovatively in the areas of reactor design and safety measures. As nuclear technology development in Korea advances, more human resources are required. Accordingly, the need for a well-managed program of human resource development (HRD) aimed at assuring needed capacities, skills, and knowledge and maintaining valuable human resources through education and training in various nuclear-related fields has been recognized. A well-defined and object-oriented human resource development and management (HRD&M) is to be developed in order to balance between the dynamics of supply and demand of the workforce in the nuclear industry. The HRD&M schemes include a broad base of disciplines, education, sciences, and technologies within a framework of national sustainable development goals, which are generally considered to include economics, environment, and social concerns. In this study, the projection methodology considering a variety of economic, social, and environmental factors was developed. Using the developed methodology, medium- and long-term nuclear human resources projections up to 2030 were conducted in compliance with the national nuclear technology development programmes and plans.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.581-592
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• 2008

In this study, a conceptual pyroprocess flowsheet has been devised by combining several dry-type unit processes; its applicability as an alternative fuel cycle technology was analyzed. A key point in the evaluation of its applicability to the fuel cycle was the recovery yield of fissile materials from spent fuels as well as the proliferation resistance of the process. The recovery yields of uranium and transuranic elements (TRU) were obtained from a material balance for every unit process composing the whole pyroprocess. The material balances for several elemental groups of interest such as uranium, TRU, rare earth, gaseous fission products, and heat generating elements were calculated on the basis of the knowledge base that is available from domestic and foreign experimental results or technical information presented in open literature. The calculated result of the material balance revealed that uranium and TRU could be recovered at 98.0% and 97.0%, respectively, from a typical PWR spent fuel. Furthermore, the anticipated TRU product was found to emit a non-negligible level of $\gamma$-ray and a significantly higher level of neutrons compared to that of a typical plutonium product obtained from the PUREX process. The results indicate that the product from this conceptual pyroprocessing should be handled in a shielded cell and that this will contribute favorably to retaining proliferation resistance.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.737-752
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• 2014

As condition-based maintenance (CBM) has risen as a new trend, there has been an active movement to apply information technology for effective implementation of CBM in power plants. This motivation is widespread in operations and maintenance, including monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and decision-making on asset management. Thermal efficiency analysis in nuclear power plants (NPPs) is a longstanding concern being updated with new methodologies in an advanced IT environment. It is also a prominent way to differentiate competitiveness in terms of operations and maintenance costs. Although thermal performance tests implemented using industrial codes and standards can provide officially trustworthy results, they are essentially resource-consuming and maybe even a hind-sighted technique rather than a foresighted one, considering their periodicity. Therefore, if more accurate performance monitoring can be achieved using advanced data analysis techniques, we can expect more optimized operations and maintenance. This paper proposes a framework and describes associated methodologies for in-situ thermal performance analysis, which differs from conventional performance monitoring. The methodologies are effective for monitoring, diagnosis, and prognosis in pursuit of CBM. Our enabling techniques cover the intelligent removal of random and systematic errors, deviation detection between a best condition and a currently measured condition, degradation diagnosis using a structured knowledge base, and prognosis for decision-making about maintenance tasks. We also discuss how our new methods can be incorporated with existing performance tests. We provide guidance and directions for developers and end-users interested in in-situ thermal performance management, particularly in NPPs with large steam turbines.