• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.27-35
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• 2010

As the population, buying power, and intensity of self-expression of the elderly generation increase, its importance as a market segment is also growing. Therefore, the mass marketing strategy for the elderly generation must be changed to a micro-marketing strategy based on the results of sub-segmentation that suitably captures the characteristics of this generation. Furthermore, as a customer access strategy is decided by sub-segmentation, proper segmentation is one of the key success factors for micro-marketing. Segments or sub-segments are different from sectors, because segmentation or sub-segmentation for micro-marketing is based on the homogeneity of customer needs. Theoretically, complete segmentation would reveal a single voice. However, it is impossible to achieve complete segmentation because of economic factors, factors that affect effectiveness, etc. To obtain a single voice from a segment, we sometimes need to divide it into many individual cases. In such a case, there would be a many segments to deal with. On the other hand, to maximize market access performance, fewer segments are preferred. In this paper, we use the term "sub-segmentation" instead of "segmentation," because we divide a specific segment into more detailed segments. To sub-segment the elderly generation, this paper takes their lifestyles and life stages into consideration. In order to reflect these aspects, various surveys and several rounds of expert interviews and focused group interviews (FGIs) were performed. Using the results of these qualitative surveys, we can define six sub-segments of the elderly generation. This paper uses five rules to divide the elderly generation. The five rules are (1) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (MECE) sub-segmentation, (2) important life stages, (3) notable lifestyles, (4) minimum number of and easy classifiable sub-segments, and (5) significant difference in voices among the sub-segments. The most critical point for dividing the elderly market is whether children are married. The other points are source of income, gender, and occupation. In this paper, the elderly market is divided into six sub-segments. As mentioned, the number of sub-segments is a very key point for a successful marketing approach. Too many sub-segments would lead to narrow substantiality or lack of actionability. On the other hand, too few sub-segments would have no effects. Therefore, the creation of the optimum number of sub-segments is a critical problem faced by marketers. This paper presents a method of evaluating the fitness of sub-segments that was deduced from the preceding surveys. The presented method uses the degree of homogeneity (DoH) to measure the adequacy of sub-segments. This measure uses quantitative survey questions to calculate adequacy. The ratio of significantly homogeneous questions to the total numbers of survey questions indicates the DoH. A significantly homogeneous question is defined as a question in which one case is selected significantly more often than others. To show whether a case is selected significantly more often than others, we use a hypothesis test. In this case, the null hypothesis (H0) would be that there is no significant difference between the selection of one case and that of the others. Thus, the total number of significantly homogeneous questions is the total number of cases in which the null hypothesis is rejected. To calculate the DoH, we conducted a quantitative survey (total sample size was 400, 60 questions, 4~5 cases for each question). The sample size of the first sub-segment-has no unmarried offspring and earns a living independently-is 113. The sample size of the second sub-segment-has no unmarried offspring and is economically supported by its offspring-is 57. The sample size of the third sub-segment-has unmarried offspring and is employed and male-is 70. The sample size of the fourth sub-segment-has unmarried offspring and is not employed and male-is 45. The sample size of the fifth sub-segment-has unmarried offspring and is female and employed (either the female herself or her husband)-is 63. The sample size of the last sub-segment-has unmarried offspring and is female and not employed (not even the husband)-is 52. Statistically, the sample size of each sub-segment is sufficiently large. Therefore, we use the z-test for testing hypotheses. When the significance level is 0.05, the DoHs of the six sub-segments are 1.00, 0.95, 0.95, 0.87, 0.93, and 1.00, respectively. When the significance level is 0.01, the DoHs of the six sub-segments are 0.95, 0.87, 0.85, 0.80, 0.88, and 0.87, respectively. These results show that the first sub-segment is the most homogeneous category, while the fourth has more variety in terms of its needs. If the sample size is sufficiently large, more segmentation would be better in a given sub-segment. However, as the fourth sub-segment is smaller than the others, more detailed segmentation is not proceeded. A very critical point for a successful micro-marketing strategy is measuring the fit of a sub-segment. However, until now, there have been no robust rules for measuring fit. This paper presents a method of evaluating the fit of sub-segments. This method will be very helpful for deciding the adequacy of sub-segmentation. However, it has some limitations that prevent it from being robust. These limitations include the following: (1) the method is restricted to only quantitative questions; (2) the type of questions that must be involved in calculation pose difficulties; (3) DoH values depend on content formation. Despite these limitations, this paper has presented a useful method for conducting adequate sub-segmentation. We believe that the present method can be applied widely in many areas. Furthermore, the results of the sub-segmentation of the elderly generation can serve as a reference for mature marketing.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.577-612
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• 2016

The distribution of boundary markers, set up during the Yimjin(1712) Boundary Making and Demarcation(YBMD), has less been addressed so far, although it is key material evidence on which we can reconstruct the whole processes of YBMD, together with the correction of widespread myths around YBMD. This paper aims to clarify the questions on the distribution of boundary markers associated with YBMD, built during August 1712 to September 1713, by reinterpreting the key documents of Actual Survey on them: Huh Ryang and Park Dosang(1913), Kim Woosik(1883), Lee Joongha(1885), Wu Luzhen(1907), Osone Seiji(1907), and Liu Jianfeng(1908), together with topographic maps by Japanese Imperial Army(1933), the report of expedition to Mt. Baekdu by Chungjin Teachers' College(1948), and the report of field survey by Jilin province's expedition(1957). As a result, the distribution of boundary markers built in 1712~1713 is successfully reconstructed, and summarized in the format of table and maps.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.247-263
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• 2007

Problem solving takes place not only in mathematics classes but also in real-world. For this reason, a problem and the structure of problem solving, and the enhancing of success in problem solving is a subject which has been studied by any educators. In this direction, the aim of this study is that the strategy used by students in Turkey when solving oral problems and their achievements of choosing operations when solving oral problems has been researched. In the research, the students have been asked three types of questions made up groups of 5. In the first category, S-problems (standard problems not requiring to determine any strategy but can be easily solved with only the applications of arithmetical operations), in the second category, AS-SA problems (problems that can be solved with the key word of additive operation despite to its being a subtractive operation, and containing the key word of subtractive operation despite to its being an additive operation), and in the third category P-problems (problematic problem) take place. It is seen that students did not have so much difficulty in S-problems, mistakes were made in determining operations for problem solving because of memorizing certain essential concepts, and the succession rate of students is very low in P-problems. The reasons of these mistakes as a summary are given below: $\cdot$ Because of memorizing some certain key concepts about operations mistakes have been done in choosing operations. $\cdot$ Not giving place to problems which has no solution and with incomplete information in mathematics. $\cdot$ Thinking of students that every problem has a solution since they don't encounter every type of problems in mathematics classes and course books.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.750-758
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• 2015

Genomic instability and altered metabolism are key features of most cancers. Recent studies suggest that metabolic reprogramming is part of a systematic response to cellular DNA damage. Thus, defining the molecules that fine-tune metabolism in response to DNA damage will enhance our understanding of molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and have profound implications for the development of strategies for cancer therapy. Sirtuins have been established as critical regulators in cellular homeostasis and physiology. Here, we review the emerging data revealing a pivotal function of sirtuins in genome maintenance and cell metabolism, and highlight current advances about the phenotypic consequences of defects in these critical regulators in tumorigenesis. While many questions should be addressed about the regulation and context-dependent functions of sirtuins, it appears clear that sirtuins may provide a promising, exciting new avenue for cancer therapy.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.64-74
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• 2005

Traditional Internet pricing schemes are coming under continual pressure to adapt to, and encourage, a changing mix of Internet applications and consumer usage patterns. Much research effort over the last decade has been focused on developing more efficient and attractive charging schemes. However, none of the proposed models has been widely deployed. This raises questions regarding the inhibiting factors and missing pieces that make pricing the Internet such a challenge. In this paper, we discuss the problems with current Internet pricing schemes, review the history of Internet pricing research over the last ten years, and summarize the key features and motivations of the most significant models. We develop a novel visual approach to comparing and evaluating such schemes using a three-dimensional (3D) metric encompassing technical efficiency, economic efficiency, and social impact. We address and discuss the important factors that have inhibited the deployment of the reviewed models and suggest productive areas of focus for future Internet pricing research.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.266-284
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• 2018

This paper adopts the big data research method, and draws 491 data from the Tianya Forum about the Simultaneous Renting and Purchasing policy of Guangzhou. The qualitative analysis software Nvivo11 is used to cluster the main questions about the Simultaneous Renting and Purchasing policy in the forum. The 36 high-frequency word frequencies are obtained through text clustering. Through rooted theory analysis, the main driving factors for summarizing people's doubts are 9 main categories, 3 core categories, and the model of driving factors for online forums is established. The study finds that resource factors are the most key factor, economic factors are the important drivers, and policy guiding factors are sub-important drivers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.262-275
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• 1973

The aim of the present study is to explore the following two key questions on woman's attitude toward the clothing : (1) Their willingness to make their own dress at home : (2) purchasing tendencies of ready-made wear. The data were drawn through questionaires collected form 495 women in random sampling-335 housewives and 160 high school woman teachers living in Seoul. The findings are ; 1. As a whole there is no significant difference between the teachers and the housewives in their attitudes on clothing and home dressmaking. 2. Teachers and housewives alike have shown the tendency to avoid to take the trouble to make their own dresses themselves due, in large measure, to the technical difficulties of dressmarking. 3. On account of general shortcomings of ready-made clothing such as poor quality cloth, casual workmanship, inadequate assortment, unfitness of size to figure and outdated fashion, they purchase ready-made only for casual uses and really resort to tailor made for formal dresses. Since this paper is preliminary report, the accounts are to intend to be suggestive rather than conclusive, and more detailed and profound must, of course, await further empirical research.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.298-301
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• 2004

In the last ten years, manufacturing companies like GE, IBM, Motorola and service companies like GE Capital and CITIBANK have realized that Six Sigma has standed for quality reform movemant. Six Sigma management which makes the critic effects on the quality management have enlarged and applied office indirect work process and service department as well beyond question manufacturing process. Then Can Six Sigma application methodology from manufacturing industry be applied to service industry without transformation? Can Six Sigma be applied on improvement of Information system quality which is the critic key figure of current successful companies? These questions would be resolved by conducting researches about application and evaluation of Six Sigma on manufacturing industry and service industry. This paper will furnish information of Six Sigma's new function for future business situation through comparing those researches

• 한국어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2016.10a
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• pp.122-127
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• 2016

본 논문에서서는 질의응답 시스템을 위한 자연언어 질의 이해를 위하여 프레임 시멘틱스 기반 의미 분석방식을 제안한다. 지식베이스에 의존적인 질의 이해는 지식베이스의 불완전성에 의해 충분한 정보를 분석하지 못한다는 점에 착안하여, 질의의 술부-논항구조 및 그 의미에 대한 분석을 수행하여 자연언어 질의에서 나타난 정보들을 충분히 파악하고자 하였다. 본 시스템은 자연언어 질의를 입력으로 받아 이를 프레임 시멘틱스의 구조에 기반하여 기계가 읽을 수 있는 임의의 RDF 표현방식의 모형 쿼리를 생성한다.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.58-76
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• 1990

Flexibility, in the context of manufacturing, refers to an ability to accommodate changes in market requirements in terms of product, process, and other services in a timely manner at a reasonable cost. The basic purpose of this paper is to analyze manufacturing strategies of leading Korean manufacturers in order to answer the following questions : How important are manufacturing flexibilities to Korean companies in restoring their once competitive cost-based strategies and adopting new variety-based strategies\ulcorner How effectively are Korean companies competing with their foreign competitors, like the US and European companies in terms of manufacturing flexibilities\ulcorner And in order to improve the flexibilities what kinds of manufacturing capabilities are considered as important key factors by Korean manufacturers and are their action programs effectively implemented to acquire these capabilities\ulcorner Major findings of the analysis indicate that Korean companies are very eager to reorganize their high-volume, cost-based corporate strategies as low volume, variety-based strategies. However, Korean manufacturers are still much dependent on the large size high volume factories and / or 'focus factories'. And the action programs and technologies to improve manufacturing flexibilities have been actively implemented at a higher rate than those of their foreign counterparts.