• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.193-207
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• 2017

In this study, the vibration of an electrostatically actuated micro cantilever beam is analyzed in which a viscoelastic layer covers a portion of the micro beam length. This proposed model is considered as the main element of mass and pollutant micro sensors. The nonlinear motion equation is extracted by means of Hamilton principle, considering nonlinear shortening effect for Euler-Bernoulli beam. The non-linear effects of electrostatic excitation, geometry and inertia have been taken into account. The viscoelastic model is assumed as Kelvin-Voigt model. The motion equation is discretized by Galerkin approach. The linear free vibration mode shapes of non-uniform micro beam i.e. the linear mode shape of the system by considering the geometric and inertia effects of viscoelastic layer, have been employed as comparison function in the process of the motion equation discretization. The discretized equation of motion is solved by the use of multiple scale method of perturbation theory and the results are compared with the results of numerical Runge-Kutta approach. The frequency response variations for different lengths and thicknesses of the viscoelastic layer have been founded. The results indicate that if a constant volume of viscoelastic layer is to be deposited on the micro beam for mass or gas sensor applications, then a modified configuration may be found by using the analysis of this paper.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2002

Friction welding has may merits such as energy efficiency, simple processing, etc. but it is difficult to obtain good welding at the welded interfaces and heat affected zone. It is discovered that stress singularity exists at the interferes and heat affected zone. The computer program based on boundary element method is utilized in this study. A mathematical model is implemented based on results from several experiments performed at and around the welded interfaces and heat affected zone of disimilar metals under static and dynamic loadings. This stay is to investigate the characteristics of the deformation and fracture behavior around interfaces for friction welded materials under static tensile load. Also, the stress distribution at the tip of crack is analyzed by using BU based on Kelvin's solution of 2-dimensional binding zone. The results of BEM are identical with those in case of considering interfaces of both heat affected zone. Also, stress singularity at the tip of interfaces appears when the elastic modulus ratio is 1.07.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.278-284
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• 2009

The global force and interaction body force density were evaluated in permanent magnets by using the virtual air-gap scheme incorporating the finite-element method. Until now, the virtual air-gap concept has been successfully applied to calculate a contact force and a body force density in soft magnetic materials. These force calculating methods have been called as generalized methods such as the generalized magnetic charge force density method, the generalized magnetizing current force density method, and the generalized Kelvin force density method. For permanent magnets, however, there have been few research works on a contact force and a force density field. Unlike the conventional force calculating methods resulting in surface force densities, the generalized methods are novel methods of evaluating body force density. These generalized methods yield the actual total force, but their distributions have an irregularity, which seems to be random distributions of body force density. Inside permanent magnets, however, a smooth pattern was obtained in the interaction body force density, which represents the interacting force field among magnetic materials. To evaluate the interaction body force density, the intrinsic force density should be withdrawn from the total force density. Several analysis models with permanent magnets were tested to verify the proposed methods evaluating the interaction body force density and the contact force, in which the permanent magnet contacts with a soft magnetic material.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.113-137
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• 2012

Frame structures with viscoelastic (VE) dampers mounted on them are considered in this paper. It is the aim of this paper to compare the dynamic characteristics of frame structures with VE dampers when the dampers are modelled by means of different models. The classical rheological models, the model with the fractional order derivative, and the complex modulus model are used. A relatively large structure with VE dampers is considered in order to make the results of comparison more representative. The formulae for dissipation energy are derived. The finite element method is used to derive the equations of motion of the structure with dampers and such equations are written in terms of both physical and state-space variables. The solution to motion equations in the frequency domain is given and the dynamic properties of the structure with VE dampers are determined as a solution to the appropriately defined eigenvalue problem. Several conclusions concerning the applicability of a family of models of VE dampers are formulated on the basis of results of an extensive numerical analysis.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.691-714
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• 2017

Rotating fluid induced vibration and instability of embedded piezoelectric nano-composite separators subjected to magnetic and electric fields is the main contribution of present work. The separator is modeled with cylindrical shell element and the structural damping effects are considered by Kelvin-Voigt model. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are used as reinforcement and effective material properties are obtained by mixture rule. The perturbation velocity potential in conjunction with the linearized Bernoulli formula is used for describing the rotating fluid motion. The orthotropic surrounding elastic medium is considered by spring, damper and shear constants. The governing equations are derived on the bases of classical shell theory (CST), first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and sinusoidal shear deformation theory (SSDT). The nonlinear frequency and critical angular fluid velocity are calculated by differential quadrature method (DQM). The detailed parametric study is conducted, focusing on the combined effects of the external voltage, magnetic field, visco-Pasternak foundation, structural damping and volume percent of SWCNTs on the stability of structure. The numerical results are validated with other published works as well as comparing results obtained by three theories. Numerical results indicate that with increasing volume fraction of SWCNTs, the frequency and critical angular fluid velocity are increased.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.485-497
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• 2012

최근 철도의 소음, 진동에 대한 사회적 관심이 증가하면서, 철도 진동을 효과적으로 줄일 수 있는 플로팅 슬래브 궤도의 적용이 활발히 이루어 지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 플로팅 슬래브 궤도의 동적 거동을 보다 정확히 이해하기 위하여 실모형 실내 실험을 통해 정적 거동과 시스템 고유 진동수 부근의 저주파 대역에서 플로팅 슬래브 궤도의 동적 거동을 분석함으로써 플로팅 슬래브 궤도의 설계의 적정성과 설계에 적용되는 해석모델의 유효성을 입증하고자 하였다. 실험 및 유한요소 해석 결과에 따르면 플로팅 슬래브 궤도는 강체 모드 고유진동수보다 휨모드 고유 진동수에 가까운 대역에서 탁월 주파수가 나타나며 변형 형상도 휨모드가 가장 지배적인 모드가 되므로, 플로팅 슬래브 궤도의 설계 시에는 슬래브의 휨강성과 조인트 및 단부의 경계조건 등을 고려해야 한다. 또한 Kelvin-Voigt 모델을 사용한 2차원 유한요소 해석모델에 의한 해석 결과는 정적 및 동적 처짐, 하중 전달율 등 실험결과와 매우 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타나 플로팅 슬래브 궤도의 설계에 활용하기에 충분한 신뢰성을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.621-629
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• 1992

본 연구에서는 Kelvin의 기본해와 초기응력 증분에 의해 정식화된 경계적분방 정식을 이용하여 점차적으로 외력을 증가시켰을 때, 선형등방경화재에 국부적으로 생 기는 항복영역과 항복하중, 탄소성 응력해석등을 재료비선형문제로 해석하였다. 이 때 초기응력 증분을 결정함에 있어서 종래에는 등가 소성변형률을 수렴판정으로 해석 하였지만, 이는 구분적인 선형 경화재와 온도 의존성 문제에는 적당하지 않으므로 암 기용일등은 등가응력과 응력-변형률 선도를 이용하여 수렴판정을 하였다. 그러나 이 방법은 소성역에서의 기울기가 변화하는 곳에서는 피할 수 없는 오차가 존재한다. 따라서 여기에서는 계산된 초기응력 증분에 의한 초기 탄성변형률에너지 증분과 응력 -변형률선도로 부터 구해지는 초기 탄성변형률에너지 증분을 이용한 수렴판정으로 초 기응력증분을 결정하였다. 또한, 내부영역적분을 일부 해석적인 적분과 수치적분을 병행한 경우와 전부 수치적분방법으로 내압을 받는 실린더와 단순 인장하중이 작용하 는 양편 Ⅴ형 노치를 갖는 박판의 경우에 적용하여 해석하였으며, 그 결과를 유한요소 법 프로그램인 NISA(numerically integrated elements for system analysis)로 구한 결과치와 비교, 고찰하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제81권5호
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• pp.617-631
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• 2022

In this paper the viscoelastic responses of four experimental steel-concrete composite beams subjected to highly variable environmental conditions are investigated by means of a finite element (FE) model. Concrete specimens submitted to stepped stress changes are also evaluated to validate the current formulations. Here, two well-known approaches commonly used to solve the viscoelastic constitutive relationship for concrete are employed. The first approach directly solves the integral-type form of the constitutive equation at the macroscopic level, in which aging is included by updating material properties. The second approach is postulated from a rate-type law based on an age-independent Generalized Kelvin rheological model together with Solidification Theory, using a micromechanical based approach. Thus, conceptually both approaches include concrete hardening in two different manners. The aim of this work is to compare and analyze the numerical prediction in terms of long-term deflections of the studied specimens according to both approaches. To accomplish this goal, the performance of several well-known model codes for concrete creep and shrinkage such as ACI 209, CEB-MC90, CEB-MC99, B3, GL 2000 and FIB-2010 are evaluated by means of statistical bias indicators. It is shown that both approaches with minor differences acceptably match the long-term experimental deflection and are able to capture complex oscillatory responses due to variable temperature and relative humidity. Nevertheless, the use of an age-independent scheme as proposed by Solidification Theory may be computationally more advantageous.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 1993

본 논문에서는 비선형 자유표면파 문제에 대한 수치해법을 개발하였다. 궁극적인 물리적 모델은 수조시험에서의 조파저항 실험으로서 이를 모사하는 수치실험을 위한 수치해법을 개발하는데 그 목적이 있다. 수치해법으로서는 선형 문제에서 이미 수치방사조건의 효율성이 입증된 국소유한요소법을 비선형 문제에 응용하였다. 수치 계산과정에서는 교란원인 압력 분포면으로부터 멀리 떨어진 곳에서는 선형해를 이용하고 교란원 근처에서는 엄밀한 비선형 조건을 만족시켰다. 비선형 영역과 선형 영역 사이에는 비선형-선형 천이 완충영역을 수치 계산영역 내에 도입하여 적절히 수치 정합을 하였다. 수치 계산 과정중 각 축차 단계에서의 모드 해석을 이용하여 계산 시간을 월등히 줄일 수 있었다. 수치 계산 모형으로는 수조 실험을 모사한 자유표면 압력 분포면이 균일한 속도로 전진하는 문제를 택하였다. 본 수치계산 방법의 효율성으로 인하여 기존의 수치 계산 방법에 비해 월등이 큰 계산영역을 사용 수치계산을 수행할 수 있었다. 교란원에서 먼 하류에서 채택된 비선형 자유표면파를 선형 계산 결과와 비교하여 그동안 부분적으로 연구된 비선형파의 특성을 규명할 수 있었다. 비선형 효과에 의해 캘빈각이 증가하며, 캘빈각 근처의 파고와 파수가 증가하는 것을 확인하였다.