• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.717-729
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• 2004

The contour method which was originally designed for $2{\times}2{\times}2$ contingency table is studied for $2{\times}2{\times}K$ and $2{\times}3{\times}K$ tables. Whereas a contour plot for a $2{\times}2{\times}K$ table is represented on unit squared two dimensional plane, a contour plot of a $2{\times}3{\times}K$ table can be expressed with a regular hexahedron on three dimensional space. Based on contour plots for categorical data fitted to all possible three dimensional log-linear models, one might identify whether $2{\times}2{\times}k$ or $2{\times}3{\times}K$ tables are collapsible over the third variable.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

In this study, twelve of Lepista nuda were collected from various localities in Korea. Also thirteen exotic L. nuda species were collected from Japan, France, Switzerland and Portugal. Spores were isolated under optical microscope. These spores were placed on the surface of YM medium for inducing to germination. Eleven mating-groups were selected by morphological characters of fruit body such as size, color and stipe patterns. Intra-isolate crosses were made between two single-spore isolates derived from mating-groups. Also, dikaryotic crossing using the isolates from L. nuda were carried out to evaluated tetrakaryon formation. Cross-mating compatibility tests also verified its dikaryotic state by microscopic or molecular genetic observation of clamp connection and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) band pattern. To analyze the growth rate of hybrids and parents mycelium in dikaryons obtained from compatible mating groups were placed on PDA medium. Intra-isolate crosses determined eleven mating-groups within L. nuda. The typical clamp connection were mostly observed in mating-groups of Korean L. nuda in $K1{\times}K2$, $K1{\times}K3$, $K1{\times}K4$, $K1{\times}K6$, $K1{\times}K5$, $K2{\times}K4$, $K2{\times}K3$, $K2{\times}K6$, $K3{\times}K4$, $K4{\times}K5$, and $K4{\times}K6$. Korean L. nuda type of dikaryon, shown to cross-incompatibility with L. sordida, it seemed that mating induce more rapidly than wild types in a view of growth rate. In conclusion, it would be useful to improve mass production with better morphological characteristics through a special mating of L. nuda.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1969

Antimuscarinic agent like antispasmodic actions of licorice alkaloidal fraction, obtained from the Glycyrrhiza glabra L., was compared with that of atropine quantitatively. For this purpose, the author calculated the kinetic constants and $ED_{50}$ for acetylcholine antagonism by these drugs on rat ileum and guinea-fig ileum longitudinal muscle according to Paton's theoretical equations describing the combination of an antagonist drug with its receptors. The results are as follows. 1. On rat ileum. a) Licorice alkaloidal fraction $K_1$ (association rate constant)=$4.078{\times}10^2\;(s^{-1}\;gm^{-1}\;ml)$ $K_2$ (dissociation rate constant)=$6.986{\times}10^{-4}\;(s^{-1})$ $ED_{50}(K_2/K_1)=1.772{\times}10^{-6}(gm/ml)$ b) Atropine $K_1=5.136{\times}10^6$, $K_2=7.714{\times}10^{-4}$, $ED_{50}=1.408{\times}10^{-10}$ 2. On guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle a) Licorice alkaloidal fraction $K_1=1.30{\times}10^2$, $K_2=1.25{\times}10^{-3}$ $ED_{50}=9.58{\times}10^{-6}$ b) Atropine $K_1=5.75{\times}10^6$, $K_2=1.54{\times}10^{-3}$ $ED_{50}=2.68{\times}10^{-10}$ Above results present that 1 r of licorice alkaloidal fraction has equal fotency of acetylcholine antagonism with $8.5{\times}10^{-5}r$ of atropine on rat ileum, $2.8{\times}10^{-5}r$ on guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle. This facts suggest that the site and numbers of licorice alkaloid receptors of guinea-pig ileum are different from that of rat ileum. Besides, it also gives a suggestion that licorice alkaloidal fraction may be a partial antagonist on guinea-pig ileum in this experimental conditions.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.815-829
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose a new $4{\times}4$ intra coding method by unidirectional prediction for improvement of intra-frame coding efficiency of H.264/AVC. There are $4{\times}4$, $8{\times}8$, and $16{\times}16$ intra prediction modes in the current H.264/AVC. For the $4{\times}4$ intra prediction, coding efficiency is achieved by accurate prediction with small block size in relatively complicated regions, and the $16{\times}16$ intra prediction method can predict more accurately compared to $4{\times}4$ intra prediction with only one directional information in relatively homogeneous regions. We propose a unidirectional $4{\times}4$ intra prediction method adopting a small-size prediction and one directional prediction approaches. In order to improve coding efficiency, the proposed method is conducted by $4{\times}4$ block and their prediction directions are all the same, resulting that we need to send only one directional information for each macroblock. For intra-frame coding setting, we achieve 10.47% and 1.57% coding efficiency in BD-bitrate for only $16{\times}16$ intra mode and $4{\times}4$, $16{\times}16$ intra mode, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.353-362
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• 2011

High Strength Concrete (HSC) has weakness that in a fire, it is spalled and brittles. The phenomenon of spalling is made by water vapor's being confined in watertight concrete. This study is aimed to evaluate explosive spalling properties of high strength concrete with ${\square}100{\times}100{\times}200$ mm specimen and ${\square}400{\times}400{\times}1500$ mm column. To prevent spalling of concrete, fireproof coating and PP fiber are used. As a result, ${\square}400{\times}400{\times}1500$ mm column was prevented spalling likes ${\times}100{\times}100{\times}200$ mm specimen. When concrete protected failure to explosive spalling, quantity heat ratio (which fireproof coating specimen to pp fiber mixed specimen) between ${\square}100{\times}100{\times}200$ mm and ${\square}400{\times}400{\times}1500$ mm was maximum value at 20 minute, but difference of quantity heat ratio decreased and quantity heat ratio of each specimen is almost same at 30 minute.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-28
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• 2011

Objectives: A study on the importance and consistency of pulse-daignosis in the Dongeuibogam Methods: We used Deyeuk Dongeuibogam of Dongeuibogam publishing company from original photographic edition. Results: The frequency of 27 mek (pulse condition) in Dongeuibogam is as in the following. Bumek (Floating pulse) appeared 120(8.9%) times, wanmek (moderate pulse) appeared 28(2%) times, chokmek (running pulse) appeared 7 (0.5%) times, gyumek (hollow pulse) appeared 19 (1.4%) times, saekmek (uneven pulse) appeared 33 (2.4%) times, sapmek (uneven pulse) appeared 51 (3.8%) times, kyulmek (knotted pulse) appeared 18 (1.3%) times, whalmek (slippery pulse) appeared 69 (5.1%) times, chimek (slow pulse) appeared 43 (3.2%) times, demek (intermittent pulse) appeared 13 (1%) times, silmek (replete pulse) appeared 45 (3.3%) times, bokmek (deep-sited pulse) appeared 29 (2.1%) times, neomek (firm pulse) appeared 4 (0.3%) times, hyunmek (taut pulse) appeared 110 (8.1%) times, yumek (soft pulse) appeared 20 (1.5%) times, dongmek (short and rapid pulse) appeared 16 (1.2%) times, kinmek (tense pulse) appeared 67 (5%) times, yakmek (weak pulse) appeared 46 (3.4%) times, semek (thready pulse) appeared 62 (4.6%) times, hongmek (full pulse) appeared 50 (3.7%) times, jangmek (long pulse) appeared 14 (1%) times, sakmek (rapid pulse) appeared 103 (7.6%) times, mimek (indistinctive pulse) appeared 65 (4.8%) times, danmek (short pulse) appeared 16 (1.2%) times, demek (large pulse) appeared 106 (7.9%) times, chimmek (deep pulse) appeared 112 (8.3%) times, heomek appeared 70 (5.2%) times, sanmek (scattered pulse) appeared 14(1%)times. Conclusions: We can know Donguibogam is given on the basis 27mek (pulse condition), because the frequency of 27mek (pulse condition) is high. But there are another expressions. So we can not say that Donguibogam is consistent in expressing mekbub(the way of pulse-diagnosis).

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.80-88
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• 2012

This paper focuses on small touch key size and spacing that affect the usability of the smart phones. The experiments examined thirty-six different touch key designs, combinations of four touch key sizes (width (mm) ${\times}$height (mm); $4{\times}4$, $4{\times}7$, $7{\times}4$, and $7{\times}7$), and nine spacings (horizontal (mm)${\times}$vertical (mm); $0{\times}0$, $0{\times}1$, $0{\times}3$, $1{\times}0$, $1{\times}1$, $1{\times}3$, $3{\times}0$, $3{\times}1$, and $3{\times}3$). Forty participants volunteered in the experiment. The completion time, error rate, identification discomfort, and control discomfort were measured. The results revealed that the touch key sizes of $7{\times}7$ and $7{\times}4$ provide the best performance in terms of the error rate measure, while the touch key size of $7{\times}7$ provides the best results for other measures. In addition, touch key spacings of $1{\times}1$, $1{\times}3$ and $3{\times}1$ are regarded as the best for all the measures. The results of this study suggest a practical approach for the small touch key design for the smart phones.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 2015

The smart watch is the most popular wearable computing device because it takes a form of wristwatch. Many smart watches have adopted the touch screen interface due to the limited size of display. This paper focuses on touch key size and spacing that affect the usability about the touch key of smart watch. The experiments were made for four touch key sizes (width${\times}$height; $5{\times}5$, $5{\times}7$, $7{\times}5$, $7{\times}7mm$) and nine touch key spacing (vertical${\times}$horizontal; $0{\times}0$, $0{\times}1$, $0{\times}3$, $1{\times}0$, $1{\times}1$, $1{\times}3$, $3{\times}0$, $3{\times}1$, $3{\times}3mm$). The completion time, error rate, control discomfort and identification discomfort were measured. The touch key size $7{\times}7$, $7{\times}5$ and the touch key spacing $3{\times}3$, $1{\times}3$ provided the best results in terms of the completion time and the control discomfort, while the square touch key ($7{\times}7$, $5{\times}5$) provided the best performance for the error rate measure. The result of this study can help ergonomically design the touch interface of the smart watch.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.103-110
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• 2011

The effect on active transport of $K^+$ and $Na^+$ of cell membrane model which irradiated by radiation was investigated. The cell membrane model used in this experiment was a $Na^+$ type sulfonated copolymerized membrane of styrene and divinylbenezene. The initial flux of the ion was increased with increase of both $H^+$ ion concentration. In this experiment range(pH $0.5^{-3}$), the initial flux of $K^+$ which was not irradiated by radiation was found to be from $7.9{\times}10^{-4}$ to $7.49{\times}10^{-3}mole/cm^2{\cdot}h$ and that of Na+ from $10.6{\times}10^{-4}$ to $7.68{\times}10^{-3}mole/cm^2{\cdot}h$. The initial flux of $K^+$ which was irradiated by radiation was found to be from $35.0{\times}10^{-4}$ to $42.4{\times}10^{-3}mole/cm^2{\cdot}h$ and that of $Na^+$ from $52.0{\times}10^{-4}$ to $43.3{\times}10^{-3}mole/cm^2{\cdot}h$. The membrane was selective for $K^+$ and the ratio $K^+/Na^+$ was about 1.10. And the driving force of pH of irradiated membrane was significantly increased about 4-5 times than membrane which was not irradiated. As active transport of $K^+$ and $Na^+$ of cell membrane model were abnormal, cell damages were appeared at cell.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 1986

The binding characteristics of five cephalosporins, cefamandole, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, latamoxef, and cefotetan to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was examined by UV difference spectrophotometry. 2-(4'-hydroxybenzeneazo) benzoic acid was used as the spectrophotometric probe. Competitive bindings between the probe and cephalosporins were observed. Based on the Scatchard plot, the BSA appeared to have two classes of binding sites in BSA binding with cephalosporins. The number of primary binding sites appears to be one, secondary binding sites appears to be three. The binding constants were found as follows: BSA-HBAB; $K_1^{obs}$=8.39$\times$$10^4$ $M^{-1}$, $K_2^{obs}$=1.60$\times$$10^4$ $M^{-1}$, BSA-Cefamandole; $K_1^{obs}$=5.44$\times$$10^3$ $M^{-1}$, $K_2^{obs}$=0.74$\times$$10^3$ $M^{-1}$, BSA-Cefotriaxone; $K_1^{obs}$=6.78$\times$$10^3$ $M^{-1}$, $K_2^{obs}$=0.88$\times$$10^3$ $M^{-1}$, BSA-Cefoxitin; $K_1^{obs}$=7.24$\times$$10^3$ $M^{-1}$, $K_2^{obs}$=1.13$\times$$10^3$ $M^{-1}$, BSA-Latamoxef; $K_1^{obs}$=8.87$\times$$10^3$ $M^{-1}$, $K_2^{obs}$=1.92$\times$$10^3$ $M^{-1}$, BSA-Cefotetan; $K_1^{obs}$=15.41$\times$$10^3$ $M^{-1}$, $K_2^{obs}$=2.7$\times$$10^3$ $M^{-1}$.