• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.169-197
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• 2012

It is often argued that the parental leave should be extended in order to help employees achieve the balance of work and family life. However, one should be careful in designing the parental leave since there is a tradeoff between the continuity of employment after childbearing and the depreciation of human capital due to the time off the work. The paper investigates whether the parental leave payment introduced in Korea in 2001 helped women's take-up of the leave and employment after giving birth. The results are as follows. First, the increase in the payment indeed raised the female take-up of the leave. Second, women returned to labor market less often after giving birth in the short run, but the size of the effect tends to decrease in the long run. However, the negative effect on returning to the same workplace after the birth remains significant in the long run. Lastly, there is no evidence that the share of women of childbearing age at workplace changed due to the increase in the parental leave payment. Although there is a limitation in that the analysis is based only on the employment covered by the Employment Insurance, these findings imply that the increase in the parental leave payment may not be an effective policy tool for promoting female labor market participation. On the other hand, it should be noted that it is necessary to pay attention to child development as well as female employment as an objective in order to make an overall judgement on the parental leave policy.

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1.1-15
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• 1994

The transports of the seasonal freshwater and salt from surface to 500 m depth in the tropical Atlantic Ocean are derived from the equations of the continuity and saltconservation, respectively. The freshwater transport is obtained by southward integration of the divergence of surface freshwater flux, using climatological freshwater(i. e. precipitation, evaporation, and river discharge) data. The annual freshwater transport is northward, ranging from 0 Sv near the equator to 0.3 Sv at $12^{\circ}{\;}N{\;}and{\;}20^{\circ}{\;}S$. The seasonal meridional transport amounts of freshwater range from 1.35 Sv to-0.45 Sv. The strong northward freshwater transports prevail for the intraseasonal period summer to fall. This seasonal cycle is caused by the shifts of the ITCZ as well as the changes in the local freshwater storage. Annual and seasonal salt transports are calculated from objectively analyzed historical (1900-86) salinity observations. The annual salt flux in the ocean zero, showing that the salt flux by horizontal advection balances the flux by horizontal diffusion. The salt flux due to the diffusion is northward, and has a maximum of $5{\;}{\times}{\;}10^6kg/s$ at 15oN. Seasonal transport amounts of salt range from $30{\;}{\times}{\;}10^6kg/s{\;}to{\;}-35{\;}{\times}10^6kg/s$. The direction of the seasonal salt transports is northward except for the intraseasonal period summer to fall.

• Strategy21
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• s.41
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• pp.174-207
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• 2017

Human history shows diverse strategies for survival and prosperity. This study introduces the concept of the expansion of wealth as a key to explain choice and behavior of political entities. American scholar, -Bruce Bueno de Mesquita-, offers theoretical grounds for this concept in that the cores of selectorate theory is settled. The political entity consists of two groups, -the winning coalition that has power to replace leader and non-winning coalition that has not. Leaders implement policies serving for the welfare of winning coalition in return for their loyalty. Both internal problems caused by demographic changes and external ones of climate changes, epidemic disease, or invasion compel leader and winning coalition to adopt policies of expansion that they believe may lead to the acquisition of wealth needed to counter those problems. The process starts by occupying one spot where other entities reside and then connecting it to its own. The line between spots functions as a foothold to form a new line to other spots. By repeating this process, a space is created in which new laws and orders are instated. In the early stage of expansion, war is hardly avoidable. Once finished successfully, the political circumstance tilts to encourage economic activities in order to generate national revenues to strengthen political power of winning coalition. However, as scale of economic activities grows, so does political power of civic classes in production and trade. To gain financial support required to run the political entity, delegation of power or bestowing autonomy to non-winning coalition is inevitable. Thus, expansion is not the ultimate solution, only to prolong the political survival if succeed. Maritime power came to attractive option when overland expansion had become obstructed. It offered much greater advantages in terms of political risks and financial burdens in exploring new regions of precious commodities than overland expansion. Each political entity around world have been, for the first time in human history, connected by maritime means since 15th century. It is worthy of noting that land conditions propelled people out to sea. Political and economic situations created opportunities to exploit geographical position in pursuit of wealth. In the 21st century, we witness the operation of international winning coalition that presides over the rules of expansion. Competing for market is synonymous to the expansion in this era, the cause and aim of it has not been changed though. Energy and dollars are key factors of expansion since the end of the 2nd world war. No matter what the forms and conditions change, naval power is still the most relevant means for expansion as it retains unique characters of maneuver, flexibility, continuity, display and projection of power. The strategy for using naval power should be in line with two different approaches for expansion: Approaches to the international winning coalition by making contribution to world order, and approaches to the non-international winning coalition by enhancing military diplomatic activities. The former will serve our share of winning coalition while the latter will open chances to acquire further prosperity.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2014

Data composite methods have been typically applied to satellite-based vegetation index(VI) data to continuously acquire vegetation greenness over the land surface. Data composites are useful for construction of long-term archives of vegetation indices by minimizing missing data or contamination from noise. In addition, if multi-sensor vegetation indices that are acquired during the same composite periods are used interchangeably, data stability and continuity may be significantly enhanced. This study evaluated the influences of sensor geometry on MODIS vegetation indices and investigated data compatibility of two difference vegetation indices, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI), for potential improvement of long-term data construction. Relationships between NDVI and EVI turned out statistically significant with variations among vegetation covers. Due to their curvilinear relationships, NDVI became saturated and leveled off as EVI reached high ranges. Correlation coefficients between Terra- and Aqua-based vegetation indices ranged from 0.747 to 0.963 for EVI, and from 0.641 to 0.880 for NDVI, showing better compatibility for EVI compared to NDVI. In-depth analyses of VI outliers that deviated from regression equations constructed from the two different sensors remain as a future study to improve their compatibility.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 1997

A peripheral nerve when approximation of the ends imparts tension at the anastomosis and with a relatively long segment defect after excision of neuroma and neurofibroma cannnot be repaired by early primary suture. The one of the optimistic reconstruction method of severed peripheral nerves is to restore tension-free continuity at the repair site putting an autogenous nerve graft into the neural gap despite of ancipating motor or sensory deficit of the donor nerve area. To overcome the deficit of the autogenous nerve graft, several other conduits supplying a metabolically active environment which is able to support axon regeneration and progression, providing protection against scar invasion, and guiding the regrowing axons to the distal stump of the nerve have been studied. An author have used ipsilateral femoral vein, ipsilateral femoral vein filled with fresh thigh muscle, and autogenous sciatic nerve for the sciatic nerve defect of around 10 mm in length to observe the regeneration pattern in rat by light and electron microscopy. The results were as follows. 1. Light microscopically regeneration pattern of nerve fibers in the autogenous graft group was more abundant than vein graft and vein filled with muscle group. 2. On ultrastructural findings, the proxial end of the graft in various groups showed similar regenerating features of the axons, myelin sheaths, and Schwann cells. The fascicular arrangement of the myelinated and unmyelinated fibers was same regardless of the type of conduits. There were more or less increasing tendency in the number and the diameter of myelinated fibers correlated with the regeneration time. 3. In the middle of the graft, myelinated nerve fibers of vein filled with muscle group were more in number and myelin sheath was thinner than in the venous graft, but the number of regenerating axons in autogenous nerve graft was superior to that in both groups of the graft. The amount of collagen fibrils and amorphous materials in the endoneurial space was increased to elapsed time. 4. There was no difference in regenerating patterns of the nerve fibers of distal end of the graft. The size and shape of the myelinated nerve fbers were more different than that of proximal and middle portion of the graft. From the above results, the degree of myelination and regenerating activity in autogenous nerve is more effective and active in other types of the graft and there were no morphological differences in either ends of the graft regardless of regeneration time.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.455-462
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the curriculum components affecting the professionalism of dental hygienists and to explore what improvements should be done for each of the influential curriculum components to boost the belief and attitude of dental hygienists. The subjects in this study were 934 dental hygiene students, 76 dental hygiene professors, and 285 dental hygienists, on whom a survey was conducted in person, by mail and by e-mail from April 10 to June 12, 2009. The collected data from 1,295 respondents were analyzed. First, overall dental hygiene professionalism was predicted by intellectual development, vocational education, socio-culturalization, ethics and creativity, which were educational objectives of curriculum, and that didn't have a close relationship to interpersonal understanding and selfactualization. Second, overall dental hygienist professionalism was predicted by learning interest, learning possibility and the significance of subjects, which were selection criteria of teaching content, and that wasn't closely linked to the validity of subjects and social significance. Third, overall dental hygienist professionalism was predicted by continuity and integrity, which were organizing principles of teaching content, and that didn't have a strong relationship to sequence. Fourth, overall dental hygienist professionalism was predicted by the content of school evaluation and school evaluation criteria, which were evaluation elements of curriculum, and that wasn't closely linked to the method of school evaluation, the content of the national exam, the criteria of the national exam and the method of the national exam.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 2014

Since the Arab spring in 2010, SNS prompted discussions about the roles to organize collective actions. First of all, mobile media and SNS help to mobilize both on and offline social movement, second, to create new forms of collective actions, third, to organize social movement organizations across the world, fourth, to empower movement participants to develop new collective identities. On the other hand, the same technologies also hinder social movements from developing continuity and dedication. In addition, the problems of digital divide might aggravate the divisive process to organize collective actions across the world. This research is built on these ongoing arguments about the potentials and limitations of new media technologies. In particular, this research tries to move beyond the confrontational approaches to the media through the case study of Save The Jeju Island social movements on Facebook. The movement SNS on Facebook aims to provide as well as organize international SMOs and activists that might help deeper understandings on the potentials and limitations of online communication strategies for global social movements.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.849-864
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• 2014

The objective of this paper is to investigate both the processes of regional policy and their determinants of the International Garden Exposition Suncheon Bay Korea 2013(IGEXPO 2013). IGEXPO 2013 was held in Suncheon from April to October 2013, and almost 440 million tourists visited to IGEXPO 2013. The processes of regional policy of the IGEXPO initiative were divided into four stages; the first stage from 1992 to 2002 was a beginning of conservation movement for Suncheon Bay; the second stage from 2003 to 2007 was a constructing of natural ecological park of Suncheon Bay; the third stage from 2008 to 2010 was a beginning of IGEXPO initiative and a confirming of the IGEXPO 2013; the four stage from 2011 to 2013 was a preparing and holding of IGEXPO 2013. The major determinants related to regional policy development process of IGEXPO initiative are the population n movement for Suncheon Bay, the rergional development strategy for central city in Gwangyang Bay area, the leadership for continuity of regional policy oriented to environmental and ecological city, and the cooperation and competition relationalship with neighboring city, in particular Yeosu city and 2012Yeosu EXPO planning. IGEXPO 2013 has been evaluated as having some performances such as the enhancement of city image, establishment of city park as a public goods, and formation of community leadership promoting continuous urban policy for environmental & ecological city.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.4-23
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• 2020

In this article, the excavation and research of cultural assets were set as a process and the improvement measures were considered. To this end, we examined the process of excavating cultural assets to diagnose problems, suggested changes in the format of reports and the establishment of a database, and drew up improvement models for Silla's ancient tombs and research. The problems of the current process of excavating cultural assets are as follows. First, investigation and research fail to integrate and merely comprise 'examination as an administrative procedure' or 'investigation for the sake of investigation', which ultimately hamper research and achievement. Second, there are differences in the composition or description of the report by surveyors or excavation agencies, which make it difficult to integrate data at a higher level. Third, the current form of reporting remains in analog format such as books and PDFs, which not only reduces continuity and efficiency to the research phase, but also lags behind the rapidly changing times. We believe that the improvement of these problems should be achieved by computerizing reports, converting them into digital formats, and establishing them in a database. First, regarding the transition to report format, it was pointed out that the form of excavation data, the final stage of the excavation process, remains analog and the improvement model was presented from the perspective of linking it to excavation and research, and the justification was emphasized through comparison with other cases. Second, the database reviewed the build model for Silla tombs. To this end, the purpose and expected effects, targets, progress, attributes, categories, and interfaces were examined.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.551-566
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• 2016

In the satellite remote sensing, the operational environment of the satellite sensor causes image degradation during the image acquisition. The degradation results in noise and blurring which badly affect identification and extraction of useful information in image data. Especially, the degradation gives bad influence in the analysis of images collected over the scene with complicate surface structure such as urban area. This study proposes a multi-stage image restoration to improve the accuracy of detailed analysis for the images collected over the complicate scene. The proposed method assumes a Gaussian additive noise, Markov random field of spatial continuity, and blurring proportional to the distance between the pixels. Point-Jacobian Iteration Maximum A Posteriori (PJI-MAP) estimation is employed to restore a degraded image. The multi-stage process includes the image segmentation performing region merging after pixel-linking. A dissimilarity coefficient combining homogeneity and contrast is proposed for image segmentation. In this study, the proposed method was quantitatively evaluated using simulation data and was also applied to the two panchromatic images of super-high resolution: Dubaisat-2 data of 1m resolution from LA, USA and KOMPSAT3 data of 0.7 m resolution from Daejeon in the Korean peninsula. The experimental results imply that it can improve analytical accuracy in the application of remote sensing high resolution panchromatic imagery.