• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.4 s.143
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• pp.318-323
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• 2005

The leaves (KPL) of Kalopanax pictus (KP) are used as a vegetable or a functional food in Korean society. The stem bark (Kalopanacis Cortex, KPS) has been traditionally used to treat neurotic pain, rheumatoid arthritis and diabetic disease. This research was undertaken to demonstrate that the leaf extract of KP (KPL) has also the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects like the extract (KPS) of Kalopanacis Cortex and to compare the activity levels of several extracts obtained from KP. Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects were measured against the extracts described as followings; KPL-1 (the MeOH extract obtained from the leaf shoot of KP collected on May), KPL-2 (the MeOH extract from KP collected on June), KPL-3 (the MeOH ectract from KP with no thorns), KPS-1 (MeOH extract from KPS of a Korean habitat), KPS-2 (MeOH extract from KPS of a Chinese habitat). The antimociceptive test undertaken by acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate-, and tail-flick methods using mice. The anti-inflammatory test was also undertaken by measuring the edema in the carrageenan-induced test. The order of activity potency in the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory assays was commonly shown as followings: KPL-3>KPS>1>KPS-2>KPL-1>KPL-2. This order was also observed in acetic acid-induced vascular permeability test. The antiinflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced assay was also observed as the following order: KPL-3>KPS- 1>PS-2>KPL-1>KPL-2. In addition, adjuvant-induced rats were used for a model to assess the oxidative stress. Treatment of the rat with the extracts reduced serum thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), hydroxy radical(OH) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity caused by FCA together together with the inhibition of hepatic TBARS level and lipofuscin content. The above finding suggests that the leaf extract has the antinociceptive and antinflammatory activity. It is also suggested that KPL-3 with more potent activity than other tested extracts could be developed for a new available biomaterial.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2004

Objectives : The usage of acupuncture has gained popularity as an alternative method of treatment for certain chronic pain conditions. However, the efficacy of acupuncture in various diseases has not been fully established and the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to foot samli$(ST_{36})$ on the carrageenan-induced knee arthritic pain was examined. Methods : A common source of persistent pain in humans is the knee arthritis. Knee arthritis was induced by injection of 2 % carrageenan $50\;{\mu}l$ into the knee joint cavity. When rats developed pain behaviors, EA was applied for 30 min. under enflurane anesthesia with repeated train stimuli at the intensity of 10X of muscle twitch threshold. The weight bearing force of the hind limb was measured for an indicator of pain level after each manipulation. Results : The average weight borne by the hind limb during normal gait was 55% of total body weight, which was reduced to less than 10% after knee arthritis. EA improved the weight bearing of the arthritic hind limb significantly for the duration of 4 hr. EA applied to $ST_{36}$ point produced a significant improvement of stepping force of the arthritic foot lasting for at least 4 h. However, $GB_{31}$ point did not produce any significant increase of weight bearing force. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on the knee arthritis model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a nearby point, $GB_{31}$. The relations between EA-induced analgesia and endogenous nitric oxide(NO) and inducible NO synthase(iNOS)/neuronal NOS was also examined. Results were turned out that both NO production and nNOS/iNOS protein expression which is increased by arthritis were suppressed by EA stimulation applied to $ST_{36}$ point. Conclusions : The data suggest 1) that EA produces a potent analgesic effect on the rat model of chronic knee arthritis pain in a point specific manner and 2) that EA-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of nNOS/iNOS protein expression.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.816-822
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• 1997

The immobilization of a microorganism has been rapidly progressed with the development of biotechnology in recent years. Although it has been used as a tool to isolate products from biological media in various areas, it has not yet been practiced in the treatment of waste water. In this paper, we suggest a possibility to apply the immobilization technique In the recirculating aquaculture system. We examined the ability of $NH_4^+$ removal by nitrifier consortium immobilized in $Ba^{++}-alginate$, k-carrageenan and agar bead at the concentration of 50 g/L, respectively. In order to use the immobilized nitrifier consortium as media in the fludized bed reactor, the strength of bead was measured. $Ba^{++}-alginate$ as a support material showed higher strength of bead. Also, the nitrifier consortium immobilized in $Ba^{++}-alginate$ showed higher nitrification activity that could remove 20 mg/L ammonium ion than those immobilized in other two support materials, carrageenan and agar. The immobilized nitrifier consortium showed better nitrification activity than free nitrifier consortium.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.100-116
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• 2002

There are several purpose to introduce microorganism into the Soil. The major purpose is to promote plant growth and inhibit plant pathogens. The model example is to put in nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria, Pythium and Rhizobium. In order to achieve the intended goal, the introduced microorganism should survive and colonize with sufficient density. The survival of introduced microorganism depend upon biotic and abiotic factors. Predation and competition are important among biotic factor. Water tension, organic carbon, inorganic nutrients(N, P), pH are important factor among abiootic factor. Soil texture and distribution of soil pore are also important in the survival and colonization of introduced microorganism. Selection by soil ecosystem for inoculant is a crucial factor for colonization. Good example are control of autochtonous microorganism and the introduction of surfactant biodegrading Pseudomonas. Sometimes, carriers such as peat and montmorillonite can be added to help colonization. Carriers can protect introduced microorganism by supplying protective microhabitat. Organic polymer is also used as a carrier to immobilize bacteria or industrial enzymes. Examples of these carrier are calcium alginate, agarose and k-carrageenan. The function of these carrier is to provide microhabitat and help colonization for introduced microorganism.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 1999

These studies were designed to determine the effect of hydroalcoholic gel system (lower alkanol concentration: 40-60%) compared to general hydrogel system (lower alkanol concentration: 10-35%) on transdermal delivery of piroxicam and its anti-inflammatory activity. Piroxicam was incorporated into a hydroalcoholic gel and a hydrogel containing polymers, solvents, and cosolvents. The pH of gel was about 6.3-7.3 and the solvent mixtures were composed of water and various concentrations of ethanol (35, 40, 50, and 60%). For the in vitro study, the skin permeation of piroxicam from the gel formulations was investigated using Franz modified diffusion cells fitted with hairless mouse skin. For the in vivo study, the anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic gel was compared to other commercial products (piroxicam hydrogel and ketoprofen hydrogel) in rat and human. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined using carrageenan induced foot edema model in rat. For the clinical study, it was evaluated from determining efficacy and acceptability with 98 patients suffering from musculoskeletal pain. A novel piroxicam hydroalcoholic gel was successfully formulated in the range of 40-50% of ethanol as solvent, more than 10% of propylene glycol, 5% of $Transcutol^{\circledR}$ and 1 % of benzyl alcohol. The skin permeation of piroxicam using hydroalcoholic gel system was greater than that of general hydrogel system $(flux\;:\;139.1-148.2\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr\;vs.43.0-84.5 {\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ in vitro. In carrageenan-induced edema model, the anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic gel was better than that of piroxicam hydrogel for edema inhibition (75.1 % vs. 62.9%, p

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.363-371
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• 1998

Locust bean gum (LBG)-based edible film was prepared, and opacity, water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS) and elongation (E) of the film were measured. Opacity values of the film was a little higher than that of other transparent films. WVP decreased as LBG concentration decreased. Plasticizers and drying temperature didn't seem to influence WVP. WVP of the film increased greatly at 85% RH as compared to that of 0% RH. WVP of the film seemed to increase linearly with thickness of the film. But WVP of the film was lower those of other edible films. TS increased with increase of LBG concentration, and decreased with increase of glycerol concentration. E decreased with increase of LBG concentration, and increased with increase of sorbitol concentratin. LBG-based composite films were prepared by adding agarose, k-carrageenan or xanthan gum. TS and E of the composite film with addition of k-carrageenan increased.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.451-456
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• 1995

To elucidate the intrinsic rheological properties of carboxymethyl chitin (CM-chitin) from the shell of red snow cyab (Chinonecetes japonicus), the configuration and polyelectrolyte behavior of CM-chitin in low concentration solution were investigated. Unperturbed dimensions were ranged from $127{\AA}\;to\;113{\AA}$ as root mean square end-to-end distance$(r_0)$, $52{\AA}$ to $46{\AA}$ as radius of gyration$(S_0)$. The intramolecular expansion tarter(a) was not varied with molecular weight and was 2.1. And effective bond length $(b_0)$ was $14.5{\AA}$. In perturbed condition, Flory constant was $2.35\times10^{21}$. When ionic strength were 0.02 and 1.0, intrinsic viscosity were 1.95dl/g and 1,06 dl/g, respectively. These results suggested that CM-chitin is a polyelectrolyte in aqueous media. At infinite ionic strength, intrinsic viscosity was 0.91dl/g. The intrinsic stiffness of CM-chitin backbone was estimated by evaluating the stiffness parameter (B) as 0.11 and agreed well with the results of k-carrageenan.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.292-294
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• 1998

Surimi sol and gel were prepared by mixing egg albumin, starch, oil and carrageenan, which are used as representative ingredients in the surimi composite, at different ratio. Structural properties in surimi composite were investigated by examining the phase changes and dispersion pattern (average particle size, size range and the averge number of particle) of the particulate ingredients in sol and gel with an image analyzer. A staining technique of the specimen containing egg albumin in surimi gel was developed by adjusting pH of a toluidine staining solution. Image analysis revealed that size and density of ingredient particles were function of the level and dispersion of ingredients except of starch-incorporated surimi gel which showed maximum particle size at 6%.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.262-269
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• 2014

Complex of mulberry extract (CME) is composed of extracts of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit, mulberry leaves and black beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). In this study, we investigated prevention effects of CME on degenerative arthritis. The $SC_{50}$ value of DPPH radical scavenging by CME was $158.49{\pm}11.35{\mu}/mL$. We found that CME significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in RAW 264.7 cells which were activated by LPS. Experiments using animal model of degenerative arthritis showed that CME (400 mg/kg body weight) inhibited the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ (77.5%) and IL-$1{\beta}$ (95.0%). Furthermore, it was observed that CME reduced to 85.9% of paw edema induced by carrageenan. These results suggest that CME could improve degenerative arthritis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.484-490
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• 1999

Various materials including sodium alginate, k-carrageenan, collagen and polyacrylamide were studied in order to maintain the stability of bioluminescence of Photobacterium for the monitoring of volatile toxic substances. Kinetic parameters of specific rate($\mu$), and gamma(${\gamma}$) value were determined for the relationship between bioluminescence of immobilized P. phosphoreum and toxic substances. The bioluminescence intensity was found to be proportional to the concentration of toxic substances and the free cells were shown to be more sensitive than immobilized cells when volatile substances were exposed to the cells. Bioluminescence increased slightly after several minutes, which was due to the volatility of toxic compounds. Furthermore, P. phosphoreum immobilized on strontium alginate was better than cells immobilized on sodium alginate for the response to substances used.