• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.365-371
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• 1989

Microbiological conversion of sterols to 17-ketosteroids has been recognized as a source for commercial preparation of steroidal drugs. In order to develop bacterial strains and process with Brevibacterium lipolyticum IAM 1398 capable of converting cholesterol to 1,4-Androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) at about 27% yield, we studied on strain improvement, fermentation condition and whole cell immobilization. By using UV and/or NTG as mutagens, a mutant to convert cholesterol to ADD with higher yield than 60% was selected. Better production of ADD was manifested in the case of maltose used as a supplemental carbon source, and yeast extract or soytone as a nitrogen source. Addition of tween 80 (0.05%) as a surfactant beneficial for increasing the productivity. The optimal initial pH of the medium was 6.5 and optimal culture temperature was $30^{\circ}C$. Whole cell immobilization by using carrageenan, agar, alginate and acrylamide was carried out and the activity of conversion was tested. In the case of carrageenan and agar, immobilized cells were active for at least two cycles of fermentation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.70-76
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• 2015

A Softgel is an oral dosage form for medicine similar to capsules and softgel dosage form offers several advantages over other oral dosage forms, such as delivering a liquid matrix designed to solubilize and improve the oral bioavailability of a poorly soluble compound as a unit dose solid dosage form, delivering low and ultra-low doses of a compound. This study aimed to qualify a proprietary vegetable soft capsule which contains modified starch and carrageenan as capsule shell components compare to the conventional gelatin softgel. Four kinds of samples were prepared with vegetable and gelatin capsule shell, respectively. Morphology of capsule shell, mechanical strength of capsule, and hygroscopic properties were studied for comparing the quality attributes of softgel. Short-term stability against heat and moisture was also investigated in this study. Vegetable capsule shell showed better mechanical strength, physical stability and disintegration time for temperature and humidity than those of conventional gelatin capsule shell with four different filling materials used frequently as soft capsule form. Conclusively, this vegetable capsule shell polymer system can replace easily gelatin-shell systems and additionally allows encapsulation of lipid fills at high temperatures that are semisolid or solid-like at room temperature.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 2007

목적 : Signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (Stat 6) 유전자는 면역세포의 발달에 있어서 중요한 유전인자이며, IL-4와 같은 사이토카인에 의해 유전자 발현이 조절된다. 본 연구에서는 Stat 6 유전자 제거 생쥐와 정상 (wild type, W/T) 생쥐에 carrageenan으로 염증을 유도한 후 족삼리에 침치료를 시행하여 시상하부에서의 유전자 발현 양상을 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법 : BALB/c (W/T, n=12) and BALB/c-Stat 6 유전자 제거 생쥐 (n=12)의 발뒤꿈치 표피에 1% carrageenan을 30 ul 주사하여 염증을 유도하였다. 침은 염증 유도 30분 후에 족삼리(ST36)에 시침하였으며, 염증유도에 의한 부종 증가율을 매 시간마다 측정하여 총 5시간동안 측정하였다. 마이크로에러이는 Stat 6 유전자 제거 생쥐를 염증 유발 군과 염증유발 후 침을 처치한 군으로 나누고, 시상하부를 적출하여 RNA를 분리한뒤 마이크로어레이 프로파일을 분석하였다. 결 과 : 염증에 의한 부종증가율을 비교한 결과, Stat 6 유전자 제거 생쥐 그룹의 부종증가율이 W/T 생쥐의 부종 증가율보다 약 50 % 정도 감소하였으며, 각 3, 4, 5시간째에 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. (각 p<0.05). W.T생쥐군과 Stat 6 유전자 제거 생쥐군 모두에서, 침 처치군이 염증 유발 군에 비해, 염증 유발 2시간 후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. 시상하부의 유전자 발현을 관찰한 결과, 39개의 유전자가 3배 이상 감소하였으며, 19개의 유전자는 3배 이상 증가하였다. 결 론 : W/T 생쥐군과 Stat 6 유전자 제거 생쥐 모두에서 침의 진통효과는 나타나며, 이의 기전에는 시상하부에서의 침 치료에 의한 염증관련 유전자들의 감소와, 항염증과 관련된 유전자들이 증가가 관여하는 것으로 보인다., 10, 11), 내측전완피신경(TE5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), 후상완피신경(TE12, 13), 상외측상완피신경(TE13), 외측쇄골상신경(TE14, 15),대이개신경(TE16, 17, 18, 19), 소후두신경(TE19, 20), 이개측두신경(TE20, 21, 22), 안면신경측두지(TE22, 23), 관골측두신경(TE23), 중층에 견갑상신경(TE15), 견갑배신경(TE15), 경상설골근신경(TE17), 후이개신경(TE18, 19, 20), 안면신경측두지(TE20, 21, 22), 심층에 후골간신경(TE5, 6, 7), 요골신경심지(TE8, 9, 12, 13), 견갑상신경(TE14), 액와신경가지(TE14), 부신경(TE16), 안면신경과 부신경가지(TE17), 설인신경(TE17), 설하신경(TE17), 경신경고리(TE17), 미주신경(TE17), 안면신경 (TE18). 3) 혈(血) 관(管) : 천층에 척측정맥배측지(TE1, 2), 고유수장지동맥배측지(TE1), 배측중수골동맥배측지(TE2), 배측중수골정맥(TE3), 척측피정맥(TE4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), 배측정맥궁(TE4), 부요측피정맥(TE6, 8, 9),요측피정맥(TE10, 11), 후견봉정맥가지(TE13, 14), 후이개동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE16, 17, 18, 19, 20), 전이개동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE20), 천측두동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE22, 23), 중층에 후상완회선동맥(TE14), 견갑배동맥(TE15), 견갑상동맥(TE15),천측두동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE21), 관골측두동 ${\cdot}$ 정맥(TE23), 심층에 배측중수골동맥(TE3), 배측수근동맥궁(TE4), 후골간동맥(TE4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), 전골간동맥(TE6, 7, 9)

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.43-53
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• 2005

Objective : The use of herbal therapy is becoming an increasingly attractive approach for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. The Alpiniae officinari Rhizoma is popular in Aisa as a traditional herbal medicine. Alpiniae officinari Rhizoma is a species of the ginger family(Zingiberacease). Method : This study was performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Alpiniae officinari Rhizoma extract by the methods of 'carrageenan induced paw edema' and 'Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells'. Result : We suggest that Alpiniae officinari Rhizoma extract decreased paw volume induced by plantar injection of carrageenan. Also Alpiniae officinari Rhizoma extract inhibited nitric oxide, prostaglandin $E_2$ production and induced nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression in Mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Conclusion : This study shows that Alpinia officinari Rhizoma extract seems to have anti-inflammatory effect by inhibition of nitric oxide, prostaglandin $E_2$ production and nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.660-664
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• 2006

The aerial part of Siegesbeckia pubescens (Compositae) has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension in the Oriental medicine. This crude drug has been used without process (SP-0) or with three times-process of steaming and drying (SP-3) or the nine times of that process (SP-9). To search for the antinociceptive anti-inflammatory components from this crude drug, activity-directed fractionation was performed on this crude drug. Since the $CHCl_3$ extract was shown to have a more potent effect than other extracts, it was subjected to silica gel & ODS column chromatography to yield two diterpene compounds (1). Compound 1 was structurally identified as ent-16 (H, 17-hydroxykauran-19-oic acid, which were tentatively named siegeskaurolic acid A. A main diterpene, siegeskaurolic acid A was tested for the antiiflammatory antinociceptive effects using both hot plate- and writhing anti-nociceptive assays and carrageenan-induced anti-inflammatory assays in mice and rats. Pretreatment with siegeskaurolic acid A (20 and 30mg/kg) significantly reduced the stretching episodes, action time of mice and carrageenan-induced edema. These results support that siegeskaurolic acid is a main diterpene responsible for antinociceptive and antiiflammatory action of S. pubescens. In addition, the assays on SP-0, SP-3 and SP-9 produced the experimental results that SP-9 had more significant effects than other two crude drugs. These results suggest that the processing on the original plant may lead to the higher pharmacological effect.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1061-1066
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• 2003

The fruit of Actinidia polygama (AP) has long been used as a folk medicine in Korea for treating pain, rheumatic arthritis and inflammation. The present investigation was carried out to determine the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of AP using several animal models of inflammation. The 70% ethanol extract of the fruit of AP significantly inhibited acetic acidinduced, vascular permeability in a dose dependent manner (23%, 38%, and 41 % inhibition at doses of 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, respectively). This effect was maintained in AP water-soluble fraction (APW). The APW fraction also showed significant inhibitory activity against the rat paw edema induced by a single treatment of carrageenan. In vitro experiments were performed to demonstrate the inhibitory activities of APW (100 $\mu$ g/ml) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production. The results showed that APW dose-dependently suppressed LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages without a notable cytotoxic effect and also decreased inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein expression. APW also showed a significant inhibitory effect in LPS-induced $PGE_2$ production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.236-239
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• 2012

The aim of present study was to investigate the possible influence and the related mechanism of Cinnamomum cassia derived-cinnamaldehyde on the inflammation or nociception. Cinnamomum cassia was referred to be treated for common cold or dyspepsia in the traditional medicine. However, there are no reports on the antinociceptive or anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamaldehyde, the primary ingredient of Cinnamomum cassia. We hypothesized that cinnamaldehyde would play a role in the modulation of inflammation or nociception evoked by carrageenan, acetic acid or heat. Male Institute of Cancer Research mice were used and the size of edema, frequency of writhing and latency of abnormal behaviors such as licking, flicking, shaking or jumping were measured and recorded. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of cinnamaldehyde. The administration of cinnamaldehyde (30 and 100 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema only at the final phase, suggesting the blockade of synthesis or release of prostaglandins. It also reduced the frequency of the acetic acid-induced writhing reflex in mice. In addition, the administration of cinnamaldehyde prolonged the latency for extraordinary reaction at the hot plate in mice. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and is a potential therapeutic for inflammation and nociception.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 2014

Leonuri Fructus, a semen of Leonuri Herba, has been used for the treatment of menstrual disorders such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and leukorrhea and for the remedy of hyperemia. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Leonuri Fructus extract (Leonurus japonicus Houtt. EtOH extract; LJE) in vivo and in vitro. In vitro study, the MTT assay for cell viability was conducted to determine the non-cytotoxic concentration of LJE treatment in media. The levels of NO were measured with Griess reagent. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA method. The inflammation-related proteins of this study were detected by immunoblot anlaysis. The increases of NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-treated cells compared with control, but LJE attenuated the increases of NO and iNOS by LPS. LJE reduced the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ induced by LPS stimulation. LJE suppresses the signaling pathways of NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPKs in LPS-induced macrophage cells. In vivo study, carrageenan-induced hind paw acute edematous inflammation rat model was used for evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of LJE. LJE significantly inhibited the increases of hind paw swelling, skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations, and decreased the numbers of mast cell induced by carrageenan injection. These results suggest that LJE has an anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential, which is mediated through modulating NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and MAPK phosphorylation. Inhibition of the rat paw edema induced by carrageenan is considered as direct evidence that LJE may be a useful source to treat inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.4 s.135
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• pp.327-334
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• 2003

We evaluated the anti-arthritic effect of a new diet-supplement product containing red ginseng, glucosamine, shark cartilage, ascorbic acid and manganese chloride for the relieving arthritic symptoms. Anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of red ginseng (250 and 500 mg/kg), glucosamine (240 mg/kg) and shark cartilage (240 mg/kg) were tested individually on vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema. Glucosamine and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of vascular permeability by 29.6 and 32.9%, respectively. Red ginseng (500 mg/kg) and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 hr. The supplement (red ginseng mixture: RGM) composed of red ginseng (43.5%), glucosamine (25.0%), shark cartilage (25.0%), ascorbic acid (5.0%) and manganese chloride (1.5%) was prepared and its inhibitory activities including vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema were comparable to anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac and ibuprofen. It was also tested on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats as one of chronic arthritic tests and Randall-Selitto assay as an analgesic test. RGM showed the inhibition against the swelling of rat paws induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a dose of 1,500 mg/kg. Determination of cytokines of the sera sampled from arthritis-induced animals indicated that RGM increased the levels of $interferon-{\gamma}$ and interleukin-6, representing the immunostimulatory effect by red ginseng. RGM treatment moderately reduced the production of NO in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results support that RGM can be applicable for the improvement of arthritic as a new diet-supplement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.145-145
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• 2005