• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2019

Purpose: This study determined if anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)/superior extensor ankle retinaculum (SEAR) thicknesses are related to dynamic balance in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Materials and Methods: The subjects were 14 males and 15 females (age=24.52±3.46 years). Ankle instability was assessed using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) with a cut off score of 25 to define two groups. SonoSite MTurbo (Fugifilm Sonosite, Inc.) musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS) unit was used to assess ATFL and SEAR thicknesses. Dynamic balance was measured with the Y Balance Test (YBT) and two NeuroCom balance tests. Results: There were no significant differences in the average ATFL thickness between stable and unstable ankles in those subjects with CAI (0.25±0.03 cm and 0.21±0.05 cm, respectively) or in the SEAR thickness (0.09±0.04 cm and 0.10±0.03 cm, respectively). There were also no significant differences in the right and left ATFL thicknesses (0.23±0.07 cm and 0.21±0.04 cm, respectively) or the SEAR thicknesses (0.09±0.01 cm and 0.09±0.01 cm, respectively) in those without CAI. There were no differences between limbs in composite scores on YBT in those with CAI (p=0.35) and those without CAI (p=0.33). There was a moderate correlation between the left SEAR thickness and the large forward/backward perturbations on the NeuroCom (Natus) motor control test (r=0.51, p=0.006 and r=0.54, p=0.003, respectively). Conclusion: There were no differences in the ATFL/SEAR thicknesses or balance measures between or within the groups, likely because CAI is multi-factorial and related to mechanisms other than tissue changes alone. More sensitive technology and a better definition of the measurement process may provide more definitive results.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.275-294
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• 1994

The occlusal interference during adolescent period makes some effects on growth and development and morphological changes. And so, if we could predict the the timing and results of orthodontic treatment who have occlusal interference during adolescent period, it may be helpful for diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic treatment. For about those, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the posterolateral displacement by the metal casting crown with inclined pathway on the mandibular condyle and morphologic changes of mandible in the rat. The experimental animals were thirty six Sprague-Dawley male rats of 8 weeks old. Eight of them was used as control group, and experimental group 1 ( continuous appliance wearing group ) was composed of sixteen and experimental group 2 ( appliance removal group after worn the appliances during 3 months ) was composed of remaining twelve. The animals of experimental grouop 1 were sacrificed after 1, 2, 3, 6 months from beginning of the experiment and experimental group 2 were sacrificed 1, 2, 3 months after removal of the appliance from worn the appliance during 3 months. Both of mandible and temporomandibular joint were observed histologically and radiologically. The results were as follows : 1. In experimental group 1, the mandibular length and lower posterior height were decreased with experimental period, while the lower anterior height was increased, and the curvature of lower incisors and lingual inclination of anterior alveolar bone were profound as compared with control group. 2. In experimental group 1, both of the thickness of the condylar cartilage were thinned in the posterosuperior region, and this phenomenon was more prominent on right than left in 3-Mo experimental period and both sides were marked thinned in 6-Mo experimental period. 3. In experimental group 2, the lower anterior height was low and lower posterior height was high as compared with experimental group 1, and the curvature of lower incisors and lingual inclination of anterior alveolar bone were recovered to control group. 4. In experimental group 2, both of the thickness of the condylar cartilage were thickened in the posterosuperior region, and this phenomenon was more prominent with experimental period. 5. In experimental group 2, the mandibular length was short, lower anterior height was hight, the curvature of lower incisors were profound, and in histologically, both of the thickness of the condylar cartilage were thickened in the posterosuperior region as compared with control group. As shown above, the occlusal interfemce affected the condylar cartilage, curvature of lower incisor, inclination of anterior alveolar bone, mandibular length, and anterior and posterior height. When the interference was removed, significant recover was found in condylar cartilage, mandibular length, and posterior height. Although no significance was found, other items of measurement showed trends for recovery.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2019

EMP(Electromagnetic Pulse)는 통상적으로 고출력 전자기파 (High Power Electromagnetic: HPEM)를 의미한다. EMP를 차폐하기 위한 차폐 판의 경우, 현장 적용 시, 용접 및 볼트의 연결부(접합부)에서 시공자의 숙련도 및 불량시공, 차폐판의 변형 등으로 인한 전자파 차폐성능 저하의 가능성을 유발하고 있으며, 또한 벽체로부터 이격거리로 인한 비효율적인 공간 활용이 문제점으로 지적 되고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 콘크리트 벽체를 대상으로 반사손실에 대한 전자파 차폐성능을 확보하기 위한 일환으로서, 콘크리트에 금속용사 공법을 적용하여 최적의 전자파 차폐 조건을 도출하고자 한다. 실험변수로는 콘크리트 벽체 두께, Zn-Al 금속용사 적용 유무이다. 콘크리트 벽체의 경우, 일반적으로 적용되어지고 있는 벽체 두께인 100~300mm이며, 또한 전자파 차폐성능에 관한 Zn-Al 금속용사 공법의 실효성을 평가하기 위해 적용 유무로 구분하여 실험변수를 설정하였다. 실험 결과 두께가 증가할수록 흡수 손실의 증가로 인해 전자파 차폐성능이 증가하였다. 또한 Zn-Al 금속용사 적용 후 모든 시험체에서 평균 56.68 dB의 상당한 차폐성능 증가를 보였으며, 이는 금속용사 피막의 반사손실에 의하여 증가된 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 전도성 혼입재료와 금속 용사 피막을 동시에 적용할 경우 보다 우수한 차폐성능을 나타낼 것으로 판단된다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.40-50
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• 2023

최근 스마트폰의 부품 수는 급격히 증가하고 있는 반면, PCB 기판의 크기는 지속적으로 감소하고 있다. 따라서 부품의 실장밀도를 개선하기 위해 PCB를 쌓아서 올리는 stacked PCB 구조의 3D 실장 기술이 개발되어 적용되고 있다. Stacked PCB에서 PCB 간 솔더 접합 품질을 확보하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 stacked PCB의 신뢰성을 향상시키기 위하여, 인터포저(interposer) PCB 및 sub PCB의 프리프레그의 물성, PCB 두께, 층수에 대한 휨의 영향을 실험과 수치해석을 통해 분석하였다. 또한 솔더 접합부의 응력을 최소화하기 위해 인터포저 패드 설계 구조에 따른 접합강도를 분석하였다. 인터포저 PCB의 휨은 프리프레그의 열팽창계수가 적을수록 감소하였으며, 유리전이온도(Tg)가 높을수록 감소하였다. 그러나 온도가 240℃ 이상이면 휨의 개선 효과는 크지 비교적 크지 않다. 또한 FR-4 프리프레그에 비하여 FR-5을 적용할 경우에 휨은 더 감소하였으며, 프리프레그의 층수와 두께가 높을수록 휨은 감소하였다. 한편 sub PCB의 경우, 휨은 프리프레그의 Tg 보다 열팽창계수가 더 중요한 변수임을 확인하였고, 두께를 증가시키는 것이 휨 감소에 효과적이었다. 솔더 접합력을 향상시키기 위하여 다양한 인터포저 패드 디자인을 적용하여 전단력 시험을 수행한 결과, 더미 패드를 추가하면 접합강도가 증가하였다. 또한 텀블 시험 결과, 더미 패드가 없을 때의 크랙 발생율은 26.8%이며, 더미 패드가 있으면 크랙 발생율은 0.6%로 크게 감소하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 stacked PCB의 설계 가이드라인 제시를 위한 유용한 결과로 판단된다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.19-51
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• 2003

To demonstrate the effect of massages on the skeletal muscles of immobilization ddY mice models induced by right side sciatic nerve neurectomy, the cross sectional histological profiles of the muscularis (M) gastrocnemius, M. tibialis cranialis and M. tibialis caudalis were observed after 28 days of treatment of massages with the changes of body weight, thickness of hind limb and individual muscle weights. In addition, changes of serum aspartate amino- transferase (AST) and creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels were also demonstrated with diameter of individual muscle fiber and muscle fasciculata, and number of muscle fiber in each of three types of muscles located in the calf. The experimental groups were divided into five groups, 1) Sham-operated group (Sham), 2) Neurectomized but not massage control group (Control), 3) Neurectomized and massage at knee joint regions (T1), 4) Neurectomized and massage at calf regions (T2), and 5) Neurectomized and massages at achilles tendon regions (T3). The experimental animals were used 5 per groups. The results are as follow: 1. No significant changes of body weight were demonstrated in this groups during whole experimental periods compared to that of Sham group. In addition, no significant changes of body weight gains during experimental periods (Day 0 - Day 27: 28 days of treatment) were also observed. 2. The thickness of intact left side hind limb was not changes in all tested groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the thickness of right side hind limb were remarkedly decreased in Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to that of Sham group. In addition, the differences of thickness of hind limb between right and left sides were also significantly increased in Control and massage groups (T1, T2 and T3) compared to that of Sham group. However, the thickness of right side of hind limb were significantly increased and the differences of thickness between both sides of hind limb were dramatically decreased in massage groups compared to that of Control group in followed order: T1 > T3 > T2. 3. Absolute and relative weight of M. gastrocnemius in the intact left side of hind limb was not changes in all tested groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. gastrocnemius were remarkedly decreased in Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to that of Sham group. In addition, the differences of weight of M. gastrocnemius between right and left sides were also significantly increased in Control and massage groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. gastrocnemius were significantly increased and the differences of weight between both sides of M. gastrocnemius were dramatically decreased in massage groups compared to that of Control group in followed order: T3 > T1 >. 4. Absolute and relative weight of M. tibialis cranialis in the intact left side was not changes in all tested groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. tibialis cranialis were remarkedly decreased in Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to that of Sham group. In addition, the differences of weight of M. tibialis cranialis between right and left sides were also significantly increased in Control and massage groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. tibialis cranialis were significantly increased and . the differences of weight between both sides of M. tibialis cranialis were dramatically decreased in massage groups compared to that of Control group in followed order: T3 > T1 > T2. 5. Absolute and relative weight of M. tibialis caudalis in the intact left side was not changes in all tested groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. tibialis caudalis were remarkedly decreased in Control, T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to that of Sham group. In addition, the differences of weight of M. tibialis caudalis between right and left sides were also significantly increased in Control and massage groups compared to that of Sham group. However, the weight of right side M. tibialis caudalis were significantly increased and the differences of weight between both sides of M. tibialis caudalis were dramatically decreased in massage groups compared to that of Control group in followed order: T3 > T1 > T2. 6. A significant increase of serum AST levels were demonstrated in Control group. However, serum AST levels of massage groups were significantly decreased compared to that of Control group in followed order: T3 > T1 > T2. In case of 73 group, the values decreased into similar levels compared to that of Sham group. 7. A significant increase of serum CK levels were demonstrated in Control group. However, serum CK levels of massage groups were significantly decreased compared to that of Control group in followed order: T3 > T1 > T2.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.228-235
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• 2004

하악 과두의 발달과 증식은 측두하악관절 부위의 생역학적 환경의 변화에 따라 변경될 수 있다. 이 부위에 전달되는 생역학적 하중은 섭취하는 음식물의 경도를 다르게 함으로써 변화시킬 수 있다. 이번 연구의 목적은 성장 중인 쥐에서 부드러운 음식물의 섭취에 의해 저작력을 변화시키는 것이 하악 과두의 해면골의 형태를 변화시킬 수 있는지 미세전산화 단층촬영을 이용하여 분석하는 것이었다. 생후 21일 된 C57BL/6 쥐 36마리를 무작위로 두 그룹으로 나누었다. 8주 동안 대조군의 쥐들은 일반적인 딱딱한 덩어리의 사료를, 실험군의 쥐들은 덩어리의 사료를 잘게 갈은 후 물과 섞어 부드럽게 만들어 먹였다. 또한 실험군의 쥐들의 하악 절치를 일주일에 두 번씩 잘라서 짧게 만들었다. 8주 후 모든 쥐들을 희생하여 우측 하악 과두를 준비하였다. 미세전산화 단층촬영과 삼차원 영상 분석프로그램을 이용하여 하악 과두 해면골의 bone volume(BV), bone surface(BS), total volume(TV) bone volume fraction(BV/TV), surface to volume ratio(BS/BV), trabecular thickness(Tb. Th.), structure model index(SMI)와 degree of anisotropy(DA)를 측정하고 이들 값으로부터 trabecular number(Tb. N.)와 trabecular separation (Tb. Sp.)을 계산하였다 미세전산화 단층영상을 얻은 후 하악 과두의 조직 표본을 만들었다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. Bone volume fraction(BV/TV), trabecular thickness(Tb. Th.)와 trabecular number(Tb. N.)가 대조군에 비해 부드러운 음식을 먹인 실험군에서 유의하게 감소되었다(p<0.05). 2. Trabecular separation(Tb. Sp.)은 부드러운 음식을 먹인 실험군에서 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 3. Surface to volume ratio(BS/BV), structure model index(SMI), degree of anisotropy (DA)는 두 군 사이에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 4. 조직 절편을 관찰한 결과, 부드러운 사료를 먹인 실험군에서 하악 과두의 연골층의 증식 층과 전체 두께가 상당히 감소하였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.569-586
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• 1994

성장기 백서에 있어서 상악 및 하악 절치의 제거와 soft diet 투여시에 있어서 하악과두의 후상부와 상부에서의 연골의 성장, 연골층의 두께 및 미세구조 그리고 교근의 천층 및 악이복근의 근섬유에 미치는 영향을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 과두연골의 후상부 및 상부에서, 섬유층과 증식층의 두께가 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<0.01), 후상부에서의 감소정도는 상부보다 컸었다. 그러나 성숙세포층, 비대세포층 및 연골 전체의 두께는 대조군에 비해 차이가 없었다. $^3H-thymidine$투여 후 시간경과에 따른 각 층의 세포표지율은 상부에서는 대조군에 비해 차이가 없었으나 후상부에서는 투여후 1일과 2일 경과군에서는 성숙세포층, 4일 경과군에서는 비대세포층의 표지율이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소하므로서 (p<0.01) 상악 및 하악 절치의 제거와 soft diet투여로 과두 후상부에 가해지는 기계적 부하의 감소로 인해 이 부위의 연골성장이 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 대조군에 있어서, 하악과두는 상부에 비해 후 상부방향으로 더 빨리 성장하는 것으로 나타났다. 교근의 천층에서, type IIA 근섬유의 직경은 변화하지 않았으나 type IIB 근섬유의 직경은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다 (P<0.01). 악이복근의 전복에서, type I 근섬유의 직경은 변화하지 않았으나 type IIA, type IIB 근섬유의 직경은 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.01). 하악과두 연골의 미세구조에 있어서는 증식층, 성숙세포층 및 비대세포층은 모두 후상부와 상부에서 대조군에 비해 유의할 만한 변화가 없었다. 그러나 섬유층에서, 상부에서는 대조군에 비해 차이가 없었으나 후상부에서는 뚜렷한 차이가 있었다. 실험군 후상부의 섬유층에서는 대조군처럼 관절강에 인접한 세포와 증식층에 인접한 세포사이의 미세구조적 차이는 인지되지 않았으며, 흡수기능을 가진 세포에서 보이는 손가락 모양의 많은 세포돌기, 세포막을 따라 나타나는 수 많은 미음소포, 발달된 용해소체, 사립체 그리고 불규칙한 모양의 핵 등과 같은 대조군의 관절강에 인접한 세포에서 많이 나타나는 특징은 미약하였으며 전반적으로 세포간 기질을 개조하는 활동이 감소하는 양상을 보였다.

• 치과방사선
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.235-248
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• 1991

This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic effect of the simulatneous multifilm individualized lateral tomography in the diagnosis of the temporomandibular disorders. The subjects consisted of 29 patients with symptoms of the temporomandibular disorders. The panoramic view, oblique lateral transcranial radiograph (OLTC) (Hirozontal angulation 0°, Vertical angulation 29°), submentovertex view, and simultaneous multifilm individualized lateral tomographs (SMFI) in centric occlusion (2.5㎜ thickness difference, 5 layers) were taken for the patients. This study compared the findings from each radiographs in the determining of mandibular condylar position with dual linear measurement of the subjective closest posterior and subjective closest anterior interarticular space and in the determining of bony changes on the studied 30 temporomandibular joints (TMJ) with symptoms of the temporomandibular disorders. The results were as follows: 1. The distribution of condylar position of OLTC and 5 layers of SMFI depended on the radiographs (p<0.05). The condylar position and the distribution of condylar position of OLTC were more similar to lateral sections of the SMFI than mesial sections, and in the distribution of the condylar position of SMFI, the more lateral sections of SMFI, the more concentric 2. positions. There were 10 cases in which all layers showed the same condylar position as that of OLTC. There were 3 cases in which no layers showed the same condylar position as that of OLTC. 3. In the SMFI of 30 Temporomandibular joints studied, there is 13 cases in which all five layers represented the same condylar position in the same TMJ and 11 cases in which 4 layers represented the same condylar position in the same TMJ and 6 cases in which 3 layers represented the same condylar position in the same TMJ. So at least 3 layers of SMFI represented same condylar position in the same TMJ. 4. The bony changes were not detected in conventional radiographs on the temporomandibular joint and the bony changes were not detected in simultaneous multifilm individualized lateral tomographs. The bony changes were detected in conventional radiographs on the temporomandibular joint and the bony changes were detected in simultaneous multifilm individualized lateral tomographs. SMFI provided a meams for a three dimensional visualization of the shape, the position and the extent of bony changes of TMJ.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.75-87
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to inquire into the effect of different concentrations of bee venom pharmacopuncture to inhibit genesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and to inhibit nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activation on type II collagen induced arthritis. Methods : The experiment was divided into category of the normal group (NOR)-no treated group, control group (CON)-CIA (collagen induced arthritis) induced group, and 4,000 : 1 bee venom group (BV-L)- 4000:1 bee venom pharmacopuncture treated group after CIA, and 2000:1 bee venom group (BV-H)- 2,000 : 1 Bee venom pharmacopuncture treated group after CIA. RA was induced in the mice via injecting $50{\mu}{\ell}$ C II mixed CFA. The bee venom pharmacopuncture was applied on $ST_{35}$ for 19 days from the 3rd day of RA inducement. To research the effect on the expression of IKK ($I{\kappa}B$ kinase), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) & COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) mRNA, RT-PCR was performed on synovial membrane cells from the knee joint of CIA mice. Results : The PMA-induced $I{\kappa}B$ kinase (IKK), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) mRNA expression were dose-dependantly decreased in bee venom treated with synoviocytes. In mice treated with bee venom pharmacopuncture, foot thickness and the damage of synovial membranes of the joint was lessened, and the activation of RA-related pro-inflammatory cytokines such as MIF, TNF-${\alpha}$ and MMP-9 was significantly decreased. The activation of iNOS and COX-2 was suppressed by the inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$. In addition, each data was shown that 2,000 : 1 bee venom pharmacopuncture was more effective than 4,000 : 1 bee venom pharmacopuncture. Conclusions : It is speculated that bee venom pharmacopuncture has the therapeutic effect of palliating the damage of the synovial membrane and inflammation on RA by suppressing of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2013

신성골이영양증 (Renal osteodystrophy)은 만성 신질환 환자에서 관찰되는 골격성 변화를 특징으로 하는 질환으로 칼슘과 인 대사의 변화, 그리고 이차성 부갑상선 기능항진증의 결과로 나타난다. 방사선학적으로 지골의 말단, 장골과 악골 부위의 골막하 부위의 침식을 흔하게 관찰할 수 있다. 악안면 영역에서 골변화는 골밀도의 감소, 방사선 투과성 병소 (갈색 종양 : brown tumor), 피질골의 비박화와 치조백선의 소실을 보인다. 그러나 이러한 골변화가 악관절에 발생하는 것은 흔치 않은 일이다. 본 증례는 양측 하악 과두의 골변화를 보인 신성골이영양증 환자를 보고하고자 한다. 지난 10년 간 혈액 투석 치료와 3개월 전 신장암 수술 병력이 있는 41세 남자 환자가 좌측 턱의 통증을 주소로 2011년 2월 단국대학교 치과대학부속 치과병원 구강내과에 내원하였다. 양측 악관절의 골관절염과 유사한 방사선학적 소견을 보였고, 전치부 개방교합이 관찰되었다. CBCT를 이용한 방사선학적 특징과 생화학적 지표를 통해 신성골이영양증으로 인한 양측 턱관절의 골관절염으로 진단 되어 환자는 내과에서 신성골이영양증의 치료 방법의 하나인 칼슘 및 비타민 D 복용고 부갑상선 절제술을 시행 받았고, 그 동안 턱관절의 통증 조절을 위해 본원에서는 행동 요법과 약물 치료, 물리치료만 시행하였다. 약 1년 3개월 후 재검사에서 하악골의 골밀도와 피질골 두께가 증가하였고, 하악 과두 외형이 비교적 명확하게 바뀌었다. 골변화는 만성 신장 질환의 초기 단계부터 시작되므로 치과의사는 이러한 질환의 징후 및 가능성을 신속히 감별할 수 있어야 한다. 또한 골관절염과 신성골이영양증의 치료 프로토콜이 다르기 때문에 두 질환을 감별하는 것이 중요하다.