• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.479-493
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to present a method of literacy education that would generate interest and enhance the effectiveness of literacy education from elderly literacy learners. For that end, the researcher interviewed and did participation observation with a total of 11 middle and old aged literacy teachers, operators, lifelong education teachers, and literacy students in North Chungcheong Province. According to the research, elderly literacy learners have a tendency to forget easily what they have learned and to learn properly through dictation, and have high level of competitive spirit, to make studying the top priority in their daily lives. Many playful activities for knowing meaning of writing, learning connected to real life, and dictating are effective in improving their memory and cognition. In addition, using familiar materials in everyday life, conducting role plays with comedies and poems in textbooks, utilizing large-picture fairytales, team-based games and activities, learning songs and instruments to play easily, performances and presentations on the stage, and field experiences in educational and cultural facilities can increase their interest and effectiveness in literacy. Several programmes such as presentations and joint events for sharing results, materials and materials costs, education and sharing of literacy skills for teachers at the school, annual operation of literacy education need to be supported to succeed literacy education in elderly learners. In conclusion, the research shows the need to increase literacy teachers' education, to use assistant teachers, to activate accreditation of literacy curriculum.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.40-50
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• 2023

Recently, the number of components of smartphones increases rapidly, while the PCB size continuously decreases. Therefore, 3D technology with a stacked PCB has been developed to improve component density in smartphone. For the s tacked PCB, it i s very important to obtain solder bonding quality between PCBs. We investigated the effects of the properties, thickness, and number of layers of interposer PCB and sub PCB on warpage of PCB through experimental and numerical analysis to improve the reliability of the stacked PCB. The warpage of the interposer PCB decreased as the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the prepreg decreased, and decreased as the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased. However, if temperature is 240℃ or higher, the reduction of warpage is not large. As FR-5 was applied, the warpage decreased more compared to FR-4, and the higher the number and thickness of the prepreg, the lower the warpage. For sub PCB, the CTE was more important for warpage than Tg of the prepreg, and increase in prepreg thickness was more effective in reducing the warpage. The shear tests indicated that the dummy pad design increased bonding strength. The tumble tests indicated that crack occurrence rate was greatly reduced with the dummy pad.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.57-67
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• 2024

Objectives : The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential biological activity of Veronica incana extracts (VIE) through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments. Methods : In vitro, we conducted analyses on the total polyphenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) levels, alongside DPPHand ABTS radical scavenging activities. Ex vivo evaluations on adipose tissue measured glycerol release as a marker of lipolysis. In LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, we quantified nitric oxide (NO) production. Following H₂O₂ induction in U2OS cells, we performed mitochondrial assays such as MitoSox and MitoTracker. Moreover, Bodipy assays were conducted in 3T3-L1 cells. In vivo, we performed anti-osteoarthritis effect of VIE against monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis in rats. Results : The results presented encompass a myriad of models, from cell culture to animal experiments as well as ex vivo studies. VIE demonstrated high TP and TF contents, potent DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, and regulated glycerol release. Moreover, the inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced inflammation was notably confirmed and the reduction of lipid droplets was distinctly shown. Furthermore, in H₂O₂-induced U2OS cells, MitoSox was effectively reduced while MitoTracker noticeably increased. In vivo assays confirmed a significant increase in hindpaw weight distribution (HWD) decreased by MIA after VIE treatment. Additionally, VIE inhibited serum inflammatory cytokines (TNF-𝛼, IL-6, and IL-1𝛽) and MDA levels in joint tissue. Conclusion : In conclusion, Veronica incana exhibited various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory properties.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.145-158
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• 2024

Life history characteristics, habitat landscape, and historical events are believed to have shaped the patterns of genetic variation in many taxa. The bony lip barb, Osteohilus vittatus, represent a potamodromous fish that complete all life cycle in freshwater and is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. It usually lives in small rivers and other freshwater habitats, and movement between habitats for either food or reproduction has been typical. These life history characteristics may promote gene flow, leading to less structured populations. However, many freshwater habitats are fragmented, which restricts gene flow. We investigate how this interplay has shaped patterns of genetic variation and phylogeographic structure within this species in the Sundaland, a biodiversity hotspot with a complex geological history, using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) as a genetic marker. Forty-six mtCOI sequences of 506 bp long were collected from ten localities, eight geographically isolated and two connected. The sequences were used for population genetic and phylogeographic analyses. Our results showed a low genetic diversity within populations but high between populations. There was a deep phylogeographic structure among geographically isolated populations but a lack of such structure in the connected habitats. Among geographically isolated populations, sequence divergence was revealed, ranging from 1.8% between Java and Sumatra populations to 12.2% between Malaysia and Vietnam. An indication of structuring was also observed among localities that are geographically closer but without connectivity. We conclude that despite high dispersal capacity, the joint effects of historical events, long-term geographic isolation associated with sea level oscillation during the Pleistocene, and restricted gene flow related to lack of habitat connectivity have shaped the phylogeographic structure within the O. vittatus over the Sundaland.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2024

Objectives: Frozen shoulder (FS) is one of the most challenging shoulder disorders for patients and clinicians. Its symptoms mainly include any combination of stiffness, nocturnal pain, and limitation of active and passive glenohumeral joint movement. Conventional treatment options for FS are physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, injection therapy, and arthroscopic capsular release, but adverse and limited effects continue to present problems. As a result, pharmacoacupuncture (PA) is getting attention as an alternative therapy for patients with FS. PA is a new form of acupuncture treatment in traditional Korean medicine (TKM) that is mainly used for musculoskeletal diseases. It has similarity and specificity compared to corticosteroid injection and hydrodilatation, making it a potential alternative injection therapy for FS. However, no systematic reviews investigating the utilization of PA for FS have been published. Therefore, this review aims to standardize the clinical use of PA for FS and validate its therapeutic effect. Methods: The protocol was registered in Prospero (CRD42023445708) on 18 July 2023. Until Aug. 31, 2023, seven electronic databases will be searched for randomized controlled trials of PA for FS. Authors will be contacted, and manual searches will also be performed. Two reviewers will independently screen and collect data from retrieved articles according to predefined criteria. The primary outcome will be pain intensity, and secondary outcomes will be effective rate, Constant-Murley Score, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, range of motion, quality of life, and adverse events. Bias and quality of the included trials will be assessed using the Cochrane handbook's risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Meta analyses will be conducted using Review Manager V.5.3 software. GRADE will be used to evaluate the level of evidence for each outcome. Results: This systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted following PRISMA statement. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Conclusion: This review will provide scientific evidence to support health insurance policy as well as the standardization of PA in clinical practice.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 1994

Effects of paddy-upland rotation system on nutrients distribution in soil profile and nutrient balance were studied in paddy fields from 1989 to 1993. The obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. $NO_3{^-}-N$, Av.$P_2O_5$, Ex.-K, and EC were high by small extent in surface layer of 0~20cm soil depth without the sign of salt movement to deeper layers. On the contrary Ex.-ca, Ex.-Mg, and pH became high with increase of soil depths. 2. $NO_3{^-}-N$, Av.$P_2O_5$, Ex.-K, and EC in surface soil were high in the order of Converted, Paddy-Upland Rotation, Potato-Chinese Cabbage>2 Year, Rotation, Potato-Chinese Cabbage>Converted, Paddy-Upland Rotation, Soybean>Continous Paddy, which responded well to fertilizer application rates. On the other hand Ex.-Ca, Ex.-Mg, and pH in whole layers were high in the order of Converted, Paddy-Upland Rotation, Soybean>Converted, Paddy-Upland Rptation, Potato-Chinese Cabbage>2 Year, Rotation, Potato-Chinese Cabbage>Continuous Paddy, which largely depended on plant absorption. 3. Nutrient balance in upland cropping system cultivating potato and Chinese cabbage showed that the input of chemical fertilizer of nitrogen and potassium was less than the plant uptake, while it was reverse for phosphorus with much gap between fertilizer input and plant uptake. Therefore, phosporous was expected to be accumulated by 27kg/10a every year. 4. Nutrient balance in upland cropping system cultivating soybean showed that nitrogen was not deficient to soybean crops even the chemical fertilizer input was less than plant uptake because of nitrogen fixation by rhizobia. However, there was about 1kg/10a deficit of potassium, which resulted dificiency symptom in the middle stage of soybean growth. For phosphorous there was excess of 4kg/10a, which was expected to be short for maintaining phosphorous fertility of upland soils.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2016

Purpose - Counterproductive work behavior(CWB) was typically categorized according to the behavior whether it targets other people(i.e., interpersonal CWB: I-CWB). Employing organizations(i.e., organizational CWB: O-CWB) has emerged as major concerns among researchers, managers, and the general public. An abundance of researches has informed us about the understanding for the antecedents of CWB, whereas little is known about the antecedents of CWB directed distribution service in employee's emotional labor. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to propose a research model in which surface acting enhances emotional exhaustion as an emotional labor strategy, which eventually increases counterproductive work behavior(including I-CWM and O-CWB). Research design, data, and methodology - This empirical research data were gathered from the samples of full time frontline hotel employees(including front office, call center, food/beverage, concierge, and room service) in South Korea. Six hotels were selected ranged from four to five stars, including privately owned and joint-venture properties. A convenience sampling method was used to select hotels. Full time frontline hotel employees from the six hotels were surveyed using a self-administered instrument for data collection. With the strong support of hotel managers, a total of 300 questionnaires were distributed, and 252 responses were collected indicating a response rate of 84.0%. In the process of working with the 252 samples, structural equation modeling is employed to test research hypotheses(H1: The relationship between surface acting and Interpersonal counterproductive work behavior(I-CWB) is mediated by emotional exhaustion, H2: The relationship between surface acting and organizational counterproductive work behavior(O-CWB) is mediated by emotional exhaustion). SPSS 18.0 and M-Plus 7.31 software were used for the data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the distribution of the employee profiles and correlations between factors. M-Plus 7.31 software was used to test the model fit, validity, and reliability of the factors, significance of the relationship between factors, and the effects of factors in the model. Results - To test our mediation hypotheses, we used an analytical strategy suggested by Preacher & Hayes (2008) and Shrout & Bolger (2002). This mediation approach directly tests the indirect effect between the predictor and the criterion variables through the mediator via a bootstrapping procedure. Thus, it addresses some weaknesses associated with the Sobel test. We found that surface acting was positively related to emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, emotional exhaustion was a significant predictor from the two kinds of counterproductive work behavior. In addition, surface acting was not significantly associated with the two kinds of counterproductive work behavior. These results indicated that the surface acting by frontline hotel employees was associated with higher emotional exhaustion, which is related with higher interpersonal counterproductive work behavior(I-CWB) and organizational counterproductive work behavior(O-CWB). In sum, we confirmed that the positive relationship between surface acting and the two kinds of counterproductive work behavior was fully mediated by emotional exhaustion. Conclusions - The current research broadens the conceptual work and empirical studies in counterproductive work behavior literature by representing a fundamental mechanism that how surface acting affects counterproductive work behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1510-1518
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of calcium citrate on papain-induced osteoarthritis in C57BL/6J mice. Osteoarthritis was induced by injecting $6{\mu}L$ of papain into the knee joints of mice. Calcium citrate was made by crushing the centrifuged precipitate after reacting 0.5 M citric acid with 1 kg of oyster shell extract. The mice were divided into five groups (n=8). The normal group was untreated, whereas the papain group was induced to have osteoarthritis and treated with $200{\mu}L$ of water per day. The papain+DS group was treated with diclofenac sodium. The papain+calcium citrate groups were treated with calcium citrate at 150 and 300 mg/kg/bw for 28 days. Proteoglycan contents in articular cartilages were measured by safranin O/fast green staining and hematoxylin & eosin staining. Histopathological changes in cartilages were analyzed by the Rudolphi score approach. Contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in plasma, were measured by the ELISA method. Body weights among the treated groups were not significantly different compared with that of the normal group. Cartilage loss and joint instability in the calcium citrate group improved significantly (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner compared with the papain group. Further, proteoglycan content of the calcium citrate group was considerably (P<0.05) higher than that of the papain group. Osteoarthritis scores in the calcium citrate group were considerably (P<0.05) reduced compared with the papain group. In the group treated with calcium citrate, contents of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in plasma were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in a dose-dependent manner in comparison with the normal group. Based on these results, we suggest that calcium citrate is effective for treatment of osteoarthritis.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.19-27
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• 2003

Surface finishes of PCB laminates are important in the solder joint reliability of flip chip package because the types and thicknesses of intermetallic compound(IMC), and compositions and hardness of solders are affected by them. In this study, effects of surface finishes of PCB on the low cycle fatigue resistance of Sn-based lead-free solders; Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-3.5Ag-XCu(X=0.75, 1.5), Sn-3.5Ag-XBi(X=2.5, 7.5) and Sn-0.7Cu were investigated for the Cu and Au/Ni surface finish treatments. Displacement controlled room temperature lap shear fatigue tests showed that fatigue resistance of Sn-3.5Ag-XCu(X=0.75, 1.5), Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-0.7Cu alloys were more or less the same each other but much better than that of Bi containing alloys regardless of the surface finish layer used. In general, solder joints on the Au/Ni finish showed better fatigue resistance than those on the Cu finish. Cross-sectional fractography revealed microcracks nucleation inside of the interfacial IMC near the solder mask edge, more frequently on the Cu than the Au/Ni surface finish. Macro cracks followed the solder/IMC interface in the Bi containing alloys, while they propagated in the solder matrix in other alloys. It was ascribed to the Bi segregation at the solder/IMC interface and the solid solution hardening effect of Bi in the $\beta-Sn$ matrix.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1998

Taxol, the extract from the Taxus brevifolia which is a Pacific yew tree has aroused the interest of the tumor investigators since the 1960s. As well, it is shown to have broad antitumor activity in preclinical experimental models. Its action mechanism is an anti-microtubule effect by duplication of tubulin. The most impressive antitumor activity of taxol has been observed in advanced ovarian cancer and metastatic breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine how taxol acts on malignant bone tumor cell lines, to compare its cytotoxic effect with those of other chemotherapeutic agents, and to ascertain the its combination effect with adriamycin. Cell lines used in this study were G-292(osteosarcoma, human), SaOS-2(osteosarcoma, primary, human), and HT-1080(fibrosarcoma, human). Methotrexate, adriamycin, cisplatinum, ifosfamide and taxol were used as testing chemotherapeutic agents and their maximum test concentration were $500{\mu}g/ml$, $200{\mu}g/ml$, $500{\mu}g/ml$, $1000{\mu}g/ml$, and $600{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The media for cell culture was RPMI-1640 with 10% fetal bovine serum and gentamycin. The results were as follows. The $IC_{50}$ of methotrexate, ifosfamide, cisplatinum, adriamycin and Taxol in G-292 were $2.3{\times}10^{-1}{\mu}g/ml$, $8.0{\times}10^0{\mu}g/ml$, $3.5{\times}10^0{\mu}g/ml$, $9.8{\times}10^{-1}{\mu}g/ml$, $2.7{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, in SaOS-2 $3.5{\times}10^{-1}{\mu}g/ml$, $1.5{\times}10^1{\mu}g/ml$, $2.8{\times}10^0{\mu}g/ml$, $9.9{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/ml$, $1.0{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, in HT-1080 $4.2{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/ml$, $5.4{\times}10^1{\mu}g/ml$, $3.8{\times}10^0{\mu}g/ml$, $5.5{\times}10^{-3}{\mu}g/ml$, $1.1{\times}10^{-3}{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In conclusion, taxol had very potent cytotoxic effect on the malignant bone tumor cell lines with adriamycin, and was more potent than methotrexate, cisplatinum and ifosfamide. There were synergistic antitumor effects on G-292 and SaOS-2 cell lines in combination test of taxol and adriamycin. From the above results, it would be estimated that taxol could be a new antitumor drug for the malignant bone tumors, providing measures against the side effects and followed by the clinical tests.