• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2016

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects that the difference of planting time by a method of cultivation in the non-heated greenhouse and the open field with spring planting had on growth and yield. With regard to the tested variety of Momordica charantia, variety 'Dragon' (Japan Yae 農藝) was selected. And 3 treatments on March 20, April 5 and April 20 for the greenhouse cultivation and 3 treatments on April 20, May 5 and May 20 for the open-field cultivation 1 month later than those for the greenhouse cultivation were planted by the randomized complete block design, and 4 secondary vines were trained. In the results of examining 15-day average atmospheric temperature after planting according to the methods of greenhouse and open-field cultivation and planting time, it was shown that there was a tendency for atmospheric temperature inside the greenhouse to decrease as the planting time was moved up. In particular, the average atmospheric temperature was $16.7^{\circ}C$ when seedling was planted on April 20 in the open-field cultivation, which was approximately equal to $17.0^{\circ}C$ of the average atmospheric temperature when a seedling was planted on March 20 in the greenhouse cultivation. With regard to the date of first harvest by the method of cultivation, it was shown that there was a tendency for the date of first harvest to be earlier in the greenhouse cultivation than in the open-field cultivation, and the date of first harvest was moved up as a seedling was planted earlier for the planting period. The number and weight of harvested fruits per plant showed a tendency which was almost similar to that of total number of harvest days and number of harvests. Thus, the number of fruits was 189 and the weight of fruits was 31,649g in case of the greenhouse cultivation and planting on March 20, which were maximum. In case of planting on the latest planting date : May 20 in the open-field cultivation, the number of fruits was 77 and the weight of fruits was 12,502g, which were at a level of 40% of those of planting on March 20 in the greenhouse cultivation 2 months earlier. The total yield per 10a was 10,228kg in the greenhouse cultivation and was 2.2 times as heavy as 4,607kg in the open-field cultivation with regard to the method of cultivation. For the planting period in the greenhouse cultivation, it was 10,539kg and 10,517kg in planting on March 20 and April 5, which was higher by 9% than 9,629kg in planting on April 20. And in the open-field cultivation, it was 4,785kg in planting on April 20 and 4,872kg in planting on May 5, which was higher by 15~17% than 4,163kg in planting on May 20. Taking the above results into account, it is considered proper to plant Momordica charantia from March 20 to April 5 for the greenhouse cultivation and from April 20 to May 5 or thereabouts when a risk of late frost is gone for the open-field cultivation in southern area.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2017

In order to evaluate the diversity of microbial population of Korean traditional Deonjang and Gochujang produced in Jeju, Jeonnam, and Jeonbuk province area, microbial communities were analyzed using next generation sequencing. In this result, the dominant bacteria of Deonjang in three area were Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Tetragenococcus halophilus, and Bacillus was major dominant bacteria in Jeonnam (43.16%) and Jeonbuk (64.54%) area. But in Jeju area, Bacillus was 0.22%, which was significantly different from the other two. Equally, the dominant fungi of Deonjang in 3 area were Candida versatilis. Common fungus in Jeonnam and Jeonbuk area was Candida sp., respectively, 64.22% and 33.68% and Micor sp. was a common fungus in Jeonnam (15.66%) and Jeonbuk area (36.73%). But in Jeju area, Candida sp. and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii were dominant than mold. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and B. amyloliquenfaciens were the preminant bacteria in the traditional Gochujang in three regions. But there were no common dominant fungi in the 3 regions. Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp. prevailed in Jeju and Jeonnam region, and Zygosaccharomycess rouxii predominanted in Jeonbuk area. These results suggested that the difference in the samples collected for the study were classified into similar groups according to the characteristics of each sample rather than regional characteristics.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.251-255
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate effect of ionic strength and feeding times of a nutrient solution on reduction of stem cavity size and improvement of flower quality in chrysanthemum 'Baekma'. A nutrient solution was applied with different strengths at three stages, namely, transplanting, budding, and flowering. The solution EC was adjusted as 1.61.82.0, 1.81.81.8, 1.82.01.8, and $2.02.02.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in four treatments. Feeding frequency per a day were 4 times for 12 min., 8 times for 6 min., 12 times for 4 min., and 18 times for 2.7 min. each. Cut flower length as affected by different strengths of a nutrient solution was the greatest in the plot of EC $2.02.02.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. However number of leaves, stem diameter, and leaf size were greater in EC $1.82.01.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ than in other treatments. Also, petal number of petals was the greatest and stem cavity size was the smallest in the plot of EC $1.81.81.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf size were greater in the plot with 12 times feed ing per a day. number of petal was most in the plot with 8 times feeding per day, while stem cavity size was the smallest in the plot with 12 times feed ing per a day. Therefore, the better plant growth, the smaller stem cavity size.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate effects of nutrient solution pH control agent and foliar spray of ethephon on the reduction of stem inside-cavity and improvement of flower quality in chrysanthemum 'Baekma'. Changes of pH in nutrient solution as affected by the kind of pH control agent showed more settled pattern in the plot of KOH treatment than in others. Plant growth and development such as cut flower length, leaf numbers, cut flower weight and petal number were the greatest in the plot of KOH. However, the size and area of stem cavity was large in KOH rather than $KHCO_3$. As changes in the absorbing patterns of mineral elements as affected by nutrient solution pH control agent in closed system, contents of total nitrate, phosphorus, potassium and calcium by $KHCO_3$ was absorbed into the plant less than KOH, so that it remained a lot of mineral element residues rather than KOH in closed system. Plant growth as affected by the foliar spray of ethephon showed growth retardation effect in the plot of solution diluted to 1 : 500 and growth promotion effect in the plot of solution diluted to 1 : 1,000 or 1 : 2,000. The number of petals was the best in the plot of foliar spray of ethephon solution diluted to 1 : 1,000 before flowering at 45 days showing 331 petals compared to control showing 302 petals. The size and area of stem cavity as affected the foliar spray of ethephon was smaller 1 mm and 7%, respectively, in the plot of solution diluted to 1 : 2,000 before flowering at 30 days than in control. Therefore, treating pH stabilization using KOH after floral initiation stage with the foliar spray of ethephon solution diluted to 1 : 2,000 before flowering at 30 days would help to reduce stem cavity size and improve flower quality in hydroponically grown chrysanthemum 'Baekma'.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2017

This study investigated the water extracts of fallen pear (FPWE) on tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. In the present study, we examined the effects of FPWE on mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro, B16F10 melanoma cell tyrosinase activity, melanin contents, and expression of melanogenic enzyme proteins such as tyrosinase. An apparent down-regulatory effect on tyrosinase activity was observed when B16F10 cells were incubated with FPWE. Results of melanin assay using B16F10 cells treated with different concentrations (50, 125, and $250{\mu}g/mL$) of FPWE showed a dose-dependent decrease in melanin content. To determine whether or not FPWE indirectly affects tyrosinase activity, we assessed mushroom tyrosinase activity upon treatment with various concentrations (125, 250, 500, and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$) of FPWE. In addition, we investigated changes in the protein level of tyrosinase by using Western blotting. Tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression levels in B16F10 melanoma cells were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by FPWE. These results suggest that FPWE reduced melanin formation by inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Therefore, we suggest that FPWE could be used an effective whitening agent for skin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.929-936
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical components and biological activities of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SMB) from different cultivation regions (Gochang, Yeongyang, Jangheung, and China). Proximate compositions and contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids were measured. Depending on the cultivation region, proximate composition of SMB showed significant variations. Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were highest in Yeongyang SMB and Gochang SMB, respectively. We prepared hot water and 75% ethanol extracts of SMB from different cultivation regions and also investigated the biological effects of extracts on anti-oxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Extracts of Yeongyang SMB were the most effective at scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals, and hot water extract showed better scavenging activity than 75% ethanol extract. We observed that extracts of Yeongyang SMB exhibited the best antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, and 75% ethanol extract showed better antibacterial activity than water extract. Anti-inflammatory activities of SMB extracts from different cultivation regions were investigated through evaluation of their inhibitory effects on production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharides-induced RAW 264.7 cells. At $50{\mu}g/mL$, extract of China SMB showed the highest NO inhibitory activity of 34% among water extracts, and extract of Gochang SMB showed the highest NO inhibitory activity of 68% among 75% ethanol extracts. Salvianolic acid B level was the highest in extract of Yeongyang SMB with values of 110.59 mg/g for water extract and 111.93 mg/g for 75% ethanol extract.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.224-231
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• 2010

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, causal agent of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice, had been collected and identified using Biolog and fatty acid analysis. Epidemics of BLB had been occurred all the times at several rice cultivating areas in Korea in 1999-2004. Most X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolated in 1999 and 2002 belonged to Korean race K1, but more than 50% of the pathogen isolated in 2003 belonged to Korean race K3. Especially, most pathogens isolated in Jeonnam and Joenbuk provinces belonged to Korean race K3. Inoculation test of near isogenic lines (NIL) of rice carrying single resistance genes against BLB showed that many isolates belonging to Korean race 1 reacted differently to diverse resistant monogenic lines of rice. Southern blot analysis also showed that the bacterial pathogens belonged to the same race had different numbers of avirulence genes. This results suggested that each Korean race type may respond to many resistance genes of rice. All the K3 races isolated in Jeonnam and Joenbuk provinces were able to cause disease on Xa3 monogenic lines of rice. Since most rice cultivars cultivated in Jeonnam and Jeonbuk were carrying Xa3 resistance genes, the bacterial pathogens isolated in Jeonnam and Jeonbuk were likely to develop to adapt to Xa3 resistance gene. Together with avirulence gene patterns of the bacterial isolates and the results of disease reaction of monogenic lines of rice to them, Korean X. oryzae pv. oryzae was classified into 19 pathotypes. This newly classified pathotypes should help the breeding of new resistance rice cultivars in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.246-254
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• 2007

Fresh tea leaves grown in Jeju Island and Jeonnam Province of South Korea were plucked and processed. Volatile compounds (VCs) were analyzed and identified with SPME-GC/GC-MS/GC-O. The VCs of green teas were classified into two major categories based on their aroma characteristics: the Greenish (Group I), and Floral (Group II) odorants. It was found that the VCs were decreased significantly in fresh tea leaves as they were plucked at the later stages of cultivation. The ratio of VCs responsible for Group I and Group II compounds was well-balanced in tea leaves plucked in May, but the balances were changed when the fresh leaves were processed. The major VCs of fresh tea leaves in Jeju and Jeonnam were n-hexanal, E-2-hexenal, Z-3-hexenal, myrcene, benzyl alcohol, linalool, and phenyl alcohol. Also, Jeju and Jeonnam tea leaves had different aroma composition. n-Heptanol, ${\beta}-pinene$, benzaldehyde, and ethyl salicylate were found in Jeju fresh tea leaves, and Z-3-hexenol, E-2-hexenol, and methyl n-heptanoate were detected in Jeju dry tea leaves. On the other hand, Z-linalool oxide and myrcene were found in Jeonnam dry tea leaves. The SPME-GC method showed high reproducibility (RSD, 7.4%) with no-artifact formation. In this study, optimum plucking period of tea leaves could be determined for production of high quality green tea with a well-balanced aroma and characteristic VCs in green tea according to growing areas.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.4 s.137
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• pp.329-332
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate pathogenicity of Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeNPV) with different temperatures for mass production. In laboratory condition, $LC_{50}$ values of SeNPV were $9.797{\times}10^{3}PIBs/mL$ at $20^{\circ}C$ and $3.351{\times}10^{2}PIBs/mL$ at $32^{\circ}C$ in 2nd instar larvae. $LC_{50}$ of the other larval stage were similar to that of 2nd instar. $LT_{50}$ values of SeNPV was 9.0 days in $1.0{\times}10^{3}PIBs/mL$ but 6.9 to 3.5 days in $1.0{\times}10^{4-6}PIBs/mL$ against 3rd instar of Spodoptera exigua. $LT_{50}$ Values of $1.0{\times}10^{4}PIBs/mL$ were 5.7, 5.5 and 4.9 days in 24, 28 and $32^{\circ}C$, respectively. As a results, $LT_{50}$ was shortened with increase of temperatures up to $32^{\circ}C$ and also dependent on viral concentration and larval instars.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2007

These experiment was conducted to find the superior strain selection, cultivation technique and optimum environmental condition of nameko mushroom culture using plastic container. The results was following as Mycelium of Pholiota nameko grown well at MCM and Hamada media, and its media acidity was pH 6~7. The optimum temperature condition for growing mycelium was $25^{\circ}C$. Under $15^{\circ}C$ and above $30^{\circ}C$ of temperature condition, mycelium growing speed was delayed remarkably. Among the 29 strains of nameko mushroom, the most productive strains was JNM19007, JNM19026, JNM19027 and JNM19028. The optimum media composition rate for produce fruitbody was pine sawdust 80% + wheat bran 20%. In this condition, the average fruitbody amount was 188g per 1,100cc container. The optimum post-culturing period was 50 days and mushroom sprout appeared 7 days after old mycelia removed. The suitable temperature was $12^{\circ}C$ for induce sprout, growing period was $16^{\circ}C$ and the optimum relative humidity was 95% in all culturing periods.