• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.88.01-88.14
• /
• 2022

Background: The olfactory mucosa (OM) is crucial for odorant perception in the main olfactory system. The terminal carbohydrates of glycoconjugates influence chemoreception in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Objectives: The histological characteristics and glycoconjugate composition of the OM of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo, Bos taurus coreae) were examined to characterize their morphology and possible functions during postnatal development. Methods: The OM of neonate and adult Korean native cattle was evaluated using histological, immunohistochemical, and lectin histochemical methods. Results: Histologically, the OM in both neonates and adults consists of the olfactory epithelium and the lamina propria. Additionally, using periodic acid Schiff and Alcian blue (pH 2.5), the mucus specificity of the Bowman's gland duct and acini in the lamina propria was determined. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that mature and immature olfactory sensory neurons of OEs express the olfactory marker protein and growth associated protein-43, respectively. Lectin histochemistry indicated that numerous glycoconjugates, including as N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, complex type N-glycan, and fucose groups, were expressed at varied levels in the different cell types in the OMs of neonates and adults at varying levels. According to our observations, the cattle possessed a well-developed olfactory system, and the expression patterns of glycoconjugates in neonatal and adult OMs varied considerably. Conclusions: This is the first study to describe the morphological assessment of the OM of Korean native cattle with a focus on lectin histochemistry. The findings suggest that glycoconjugates may play a role in olfactory chemoreception, and that their labeling properties may be closely related to OM development and maturity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.12
• /
• pp.1745-1752
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the growth performance and carcass evaluation of Jeju native cattle (JNC) and its crossbreds (CBK = 25 JNC: 50 Charolais: 25 Brahman and BCBK = 62.5 JNC: 25 Charolais: 12.5 Brahman) fed for a short fattening period. Eight male calves each of JNC (80.$40{\pm}10$), CBK ($113.50{\pm}12.3$), and BCBK ($100.3{\pm}9.5$) were weaned at 4 month of age and were fed similar diets for 18 months of their age. All animals were fed a growing ration until 12 months of age and thereafter switched to a fattening ration for a period of 6 months. Final body weight (BW) and BW gain were significantly higher in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. The CBK and BCBK gained 27.42% and 25.99% more BW, respectively, compared with JNC. The CBK and BCBK animals consumed significantly less DM than JNC to gain a unit of BW. Body weight gain, DM intake and feed conversion efficiency were similar between CBK and BCBK. Weight of hot and cold carcass, ribs, boneless meat and Longissimus dorsi muscle area were significantly different among JNC and its crossbreds. The heaviest carcass was observed in CBK followed by BCBK and JNC. Carcass, chest and femur lengths were greater in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. Chest width, chest depth and hip width were similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Femur width was significantly greater in CBK compared with BCBK and JNC. Femur depth and chest girth were significantly greater in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. Weight and fat yield in different carcass cuts were greater in crossbreds compared to JNC. Percent moisture, crude ash, and crude protein of meat were similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Percent crude fat in beef was significantly greater in JNC compared with its crossbreds. Beef shear force value, percent water holding capacity, juiciness and tenderness were significantly greater for JNC compared to its crossbreds. In conclusion, CBK and BCBK have shown greater growth rates and produced heavier carcasses with good degree of fatness when compared with JNC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.12
• /
• pp.1909-1916
• /
• 2007

This study compared the growth performance and carcass evaluation of Jeju native cattle (JNC) and its crossbreds (CBK = 25 JNC:50 Charolais:25 Brahman and BCBK = 62.5 JNC:25 Charolais:12.5 Brahman). Eight male calves of each JNC, CBK and BCBK were weaned at 4 month of age and were fed for 24 months of age. All animals grazed a pasture between 5 to 10 months of age then they were fed growing ration at the rate of 1.5% of their BW along with ad libitum supply of Italian ryegrass hay between 11 to 16 months of age and thereafter switched to ad libitum feeding of finishing ration and hay between 17 to 24 months of age. Mean body weight (BW) and BW gain were higher in CBK compared with BCBK and JNC at 4, 10, 16 and 24 months of age. Average daily BW gain during 4 to 10 months of age was the highest for CBK followed by BCBK and JNC. However, daily BW gain was higher in BCBK than in CBK and JNC during 11 and 16 months of age. During fattening period (17 to 24 months) average daily BW gain was higher in JNC than in CBK and BCBK. Slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weight were higher in CBK compared with JNC and BCBK. Weight of bones, boneless meat, ribs, excluded rib meat, retailed cut meat, tender loin, sir loin, strip loin, sticking, top round, bottom round, fore leg, shank, and thin-flank were higher in CBK than in BCBK and JNC. Fat weight in these carcass cuts and kidney fat was similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Logissimus dorsi and its ratio were higher in CBK compared with BCBK and JNC. Percent moisture, crude protein, and ash contents of beef were similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Percent beef fat was higher in JNC and BCBK than in CBK. Cooking loss and water holding capacity of beef was similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Sheer force was lower in BCBK compared with JNC and CBK. Juiciness, tenderness and flavor of beef were higher in BCBK compared with JNC and CBK. In conclusion, CBK has shown higher growth rate and produced heavier carcasses with good degree of fatness compared with JNC and BCBK. However, fattening for longer period could increase the maintenance cost in CBK and BCBK because of their higher BW which they attained during growing period.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.464-470
• /
• 2017

Three Korean native cattle (KNC) and seven exotic breeds (Chikso, Hanwoo, Jeju black, Holstein, Japanese black, Charolais, Angus, Hereford, Simmental, and Cross breed) were characterized by using five microsatellite (MS) markers (INRA30, TGLA325, UMN0803, UMN0905, and UMN0929) from the sex chromosome. Genetic diversity was evaluated across the 10 breeds by using the number of alleles per locus, allele frequency, heterozygosity, and polymorphism information content (PIC) to search for locus and/or breed specific alleles, allowing a rapid and cost-effective identification of cattle samples, avoiding mislabeling of commercial beef. It was divided into two main groups from STRUCTURE analysis, one corresponding to KNC and the other to exotic cattle breeds. These results also showed specific genetic differences between KNC and exotic breeds. Nei's standard genetic distance was calculated and used in the construction of a neighbor-joining tree. Results evidenced a correspondence between genetic distance, breeds' history, and their geographic origin, and a clear separation between KNC and exotic breeds. Overall, this study evidenced that DNA markers can discriminate between domestic and imported beef, contributing to the knowledge on cattle breeds' genetic diversity and relationships by using MS markers of the sex chromosome. These markers would be useful for inhibitory effect about false sales and for building an effective tracking system.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.22 no.12
• /
• pp.1644-1650
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study was to screen the polymorphisms and distribution of each genotype of insertion/ deletion (indel) markers which were found in a preliminary comparative study of bovine genomic sequence databases. Comparative bioinformatic analyses were first performed between the nucleotide sequences of Bovine Genome Project and those of expressed sequence tag (EST) database, and a total of fifty-one species of indel markers were screened. Of these, forty-two indel markers were evaluated, and nine informative indel markers were ultimately selected for population analysis. Nucleotide sequences of each marker were re-sequenced and their polymorphic patterns were typed in six cattle breeds: Holstein, Angus, Charolais, Hereford, and two Korean native cattle breeds (Hanwoo and Jeju Black cattle). Cattle breeds tested in this study showed polymorphic patterns in eight indel markers but not in the Indel-15 marker in Charolais and Holstein. The results of analysis for Jeju Black cattle (JBC) population indicated an observed heterozygosity (Ho) that was highest in HW_G1 (0.600) and the lowest in Indel_29 (0.274). The PIC value was the highest in HW_G4 (0.373) and lowest in Indel_6 (0.305). These polymorphic indel markers will be useful in supplying genetic information for parentage tests and traceability and to develop a molecular breeding system for improvement of animal production in cattle breeds as well as in the JBC population.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.349-356
• /
• 2015

Thanks to recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, diverse livestock species have been dissected at the genome-wide sequence level. As for cattle, there are currently four Korean indigenous breeds registered with the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: Hanwoo, Chikso, Heugu, and Jeju Heugu. These native genetic resources were recently whole-genome resequenced using various NGS technologies, providing enormous single nucleotide polymorphism information across the genomes. The NGS application further provided biological such that Korean native cattle are genetically distant from some cattle breeds of European origins. In addition, the NGS technology was successfully applied to detect structural variations, particularly copy number variations that were usually difficult to identify at the genome-wide level with reasonable accuracy. Despite the success, those recent studies also showed an inherent limitation in sequencing only a representative individual of each breed. To elucidate the biological implications of the sequenced data, further confirmatory studies should be followed by sequencing or validating the population of each breed. Because NGS sequencing prices have consistently dropped, various population genomic theories can now be applied to the sequencing data obtained from the population of each breed of interest. There are still few such population studies available for the Korean native cattle breeds, but this situation will soon be improved with the recent initiative for NGS sequencing of diverse native livestock resources, including the Korean native cattle breeds.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.238-247
• /
• 2023

Objective: Recently, indigenous Korean grass Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai (SQ) has garnered much interest as a roughage source for livestock to mitigate its adverse effects on habitat diversity. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the ruminal fermentation, palatability, and nutrient digestibility of SQ for Korean native beef cattle (Hanwoo) using in vitro rumen fermentation, in situ rumen degradability, and in vivo feeding trials. Methods: Using in vitro tests with rumen fluid as the inoculum for 48 h, ruminal fermentation of SQ was evaluated and compared with that of other roughage sources commonly used in Korea (i.e., rice straw, Timothy hay, and Italian ryegrass [IRG]). Additionally, an in situ trial 96 h was performed using three cannulated Hanwoo steers. Further, an in vivo trial was performed using eight Hanwoo steers to compare the palatability of SQ with rice straw in total mixed ration (TMR) and forage-concentrate separate feeding conditions. Finally, an in vivo digestibility trial of SQ fed as TMR of two particle sizes was performed with four Hanwoo steers. Results: In vitro and in situ trials revealed that SQ was comparable or superior to rice straw in terms of the ruminal fermentation characteristics of pH, gas production, total volatile fatty acid content, and effective ruminal dry matter digestibility (DMD), although its fermentability was lower than that of Timothy hay and IRG. In the palatability test, steers showed a greater preference for SQ when given as TMR. The total tract DMD of SQ fed as TMR was 75.9%±1.37%, and it did not differ by particle size. Conclusion: The feed value of SQ as a roughage source for Hanwoo steers is comparable or superior to that of rice straw, particularly when provided as TMR.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.47-58
• /
• 2023

Between February 2020 and September 2021, 378 calves with diarrhea were investigated across 96 cattle breeding farms in Korea, using a rapid diagnostic kit. The study examined the infection rates of major pathogens causing diarrhea in calves, which were categorized by season, age, birth month, and region. Additionally, logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the infection rate. The study found that the five representative pathogens causing calf diarrhea exhibited differences in infection rates based on season, region, age, and birth month. Bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia commonly exhibited varying risks of infection based on season and age. Furthermore, in addition to these risk factors, bovine rotavirus and Cryptosporidium were found to impact the infection risk of each pathogen by region, while Giardia was found to be affected by birth month.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.274-280
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate inhibitory effects of K-casein, GMP and sialic acid addition on the infection of MA-104 cells by 597(Korean native cattle rotavirus) and JBR(Jeju island bovine rotavirus). MA-104 cells on incomplete Ml99 were infected with domestically separated 597 and ma activated by incubating at 37$\^{C}$ for 6 days, and analyzed for the titer of rotavirus. K-casein, GMP and sialic acid added MA-104 culture infected by activated S97 and nan were incubated for Is hours and stained by the AEC stainning method. The number of infected cells were counted on microscope. The titer of S97 and JBR was 2.5$\times$107 and 2.0$\times$106 PFU/ml, respectively. The inhibition level against cell infection by 597 was 97.4% far 2000UH of K-casein and 97.44% for 2000UM of GMP. The inhibition level against cell infection by JBR was 99.52% for 2000$\mu$M of $\kappa$-casein and 99.78% for 2000$\mu$M of GMP. The inhibition level against cell infection by 597 and JBR was 3.85 and 3.63% for 2000$\mu$M of sialic acid, respectively. The high inhibitory effects (over 97%) of K-casein and CMP against infection of U-1(14 cells with 597 and mR indicated great potentials for the use of K-casein and GMP in the treatment of calf or infant caused by rotavirus.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.43-47
• /
• 2018

Pimpinella saxifraga L. (Scarlet pimpernel or Burnet saxifrage), a newly introduced species, was found from Baekyakyi oreum (a parasitic cone or cinder cone) in Seogwipo, Jejudo Island. This species is native to Europe and western Asia and is reported as a widely invasive species around the world. Pimpinella saxifraga is distinguished from other related Korean taxa by leaves that are pinnately compound with 3-7 pairs of segments, which vary from simple, ovate, to 2-pinnatisect, with linear lobes. The vernacular name of "Baek-yak-yi-cham-na-mul" was assigned after the name of the cinder cone where it was initially discovered. We provide descriptions of the morphological characters, photographs and a key to allied taxa in Korea. The geographical origin and introduction routes are unknown, but it is highly likely that it was introduced as fodder given its high nutritious value for sheep and cattle or as a medicinal herb. This species invades commonly grasslands and woodlands and prefers dry, well-drained, and calcareous soils. The distribution of this species was analyzed by searching extensively in surrounding Baekyakyi oreum and adjacent cinder cones, but no other populations were observed. It is protected commonly at the edges or inside of the patchy pine forest in the cinder cone from grazing by cattle; given the worldwide invasive nature of this species, special monitoring and management plans should be developed.