• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2010

Background: Conventional spinal saddle block is performed with the patient in a sitting position, keeping the patient sitting for between 3 to 10 min after injection of a drug. This amount of time, however, is long enough to cause prolonged postoperative urinary retention. The trend in this block is to lower the dose of local anesthetics, providing a selective segmental block; however, an optimal dose and method are needed for adequate anesthesia in variable situations. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the question of whether only 1 min of sitting after drug injection would be sufficient and safe for minor anorectal surgery. Methods: Two hundred and sixteen patients undergoing minor anorectal surgery under spinal anesthesia remained sitting for 1 min after completion of subarachnoid administration of 1 ml of a 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine solution (5 mg). They were then placed in the jack-knife position. After surgery, analgesia levels were assessed using loss of cold sensation in the supine position. The next day, urination and 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS) for postoperative pain were assessed. Results: None of the patients required additional analgesics during surgical manipulation. Postoperative sensory levels were T10 [T8-T12] in patients, and no significant differences were observed between sex (P = 0.857), height (P = 0.065), obesity (P = 0.873), or age (P = 0.138). Urinary retention developed in only 7 patients (3.2%). In this group, NRS was $5.0{\pm}2.4$ (P = 0.014). Conclusions: The one-minute sitting position for spinal saddle block before the jack-knife position is a safe method for use with minor anorectal surgery and can reduce development of postoperative urinary retention.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.885-893
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• 2013

This paper considers Bayes estimations of the small area means under Fay-Herriot model with measurement errors. We provide empirical Bayes predictors of small area means with the corresponding jackknifed mean squared prediction errors. Also we obtain hierarchical Bayes predictors and the corresponding posterior standard deviations using Gibbs sampling. Numerical studies are provided to illustrate our methods and compare their eciencies.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제100권3호
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• pp.374-381
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 지상형 원격탐사장비인 ADC(Agricultural Digital Camera)를 통해 획득한 영상으로부터 NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) 값을 산출하여 소나무 재선충병 감염목의 조기감별에 대한 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 재선충에 감염된 임목의 잎은 시들음 현상을 보이게 되고, 이것은 NDVI의 감소를 유발하므로, 정상목과 감염목은 시기에 따라 NDVI 변화양상이 다르게 나타난다. 이러한 현상에 착안하여, 시기에 따라 임목의 NDVI 값의 변화량을 보여주는 DI(Detection Index)를 고안하여 감염목의 판별에 사용하였다. 2007년 5월부터 8월까지의 획득된 영상으로부터 감염목과 정상목의 DI 값을 산출한 후, GLM(General Linear Models)을 이용하여 분석한 결과 6~8월 DI 값이 가장 낮은 유의수준(0.0001)에서 두 집단 간에 차이를 보였다. 6~8월 DI 값으로 감염목과 정상목의 집단 간의 차이를 판별분석(Discriminant Analysis)한 결과, DI 값을 통한 감염목과 정상목의 분류정확도(Hit Ratio)는 71.9%였고, 잭나이프(Jack-knife) 추정방법을 사용했을 때는 73.5%의 정확도를 얻었다. 위의 결과를 통해 DI는 감염목과 정상목을 판별하는데 유용한 지수라고 판단되고, 재선충병에 의한 피해를 방지하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.