• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.391-400
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• 2017

Italian ryegrass (IRG) is one of the fastest growing grasses available to farmers. It offers rapid establishment and starts growing early in the following spring and has fast regrowth after defoliation. So, IRG can be utilized as the dominant/single species of grass used in a farming system, or to play a role as a large producing pasture and sacrificial paddock. The objective of this study was to develop the use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for the evaluation of feed value of IRG. For this study, UAV imagery was taken on the Nonsan regions two times during the IRG growing season. We analyzed the relationships between $NDVI_{UAV}$ and feed value parameters such as fresh matter yield, dry matter yield, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and crude protein at the season of harvest. Correlation analysis between $NDVI_{UAV}$ and feed value parameters of IRG revealed that $NDVI_{UAV}$ correlated well with crude protein (r = 0.745), and fresh matter yield (r = 0.655). According to the relationship, the variation of $NDVI_{UAV}$ was significant to interpret feed value parameters of IRG. Eight different regression models such as Linear, Logarithmic, Inverse, Quadratic, Cubic, Power, S, and Exponential model were used to estimate IRG feed value parameters. The S and exponential model provided more accurate results to predict fresh matter yield and crude protein than other models based on coefficient of determination, p- and F-value. The spatial distribution map of feed values in IRG plot was in strong agreement with the field measurements in terms of geographical variation and relative numerical values when $NDVI_{UAV}$ was applied to regression equation. These lead to the result that the characteristics of variations in feed value of IRG according to $NDVI_{UAV}$ were well reflected in the model.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 2011

This study was conducted to find out an alternative way of rapid and accurate analysis of forage quality. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to evaluate the possibility of forage analysis. 175 samples consisted of Italian ryegrass, whole crop barley and pea seeded spring in 2009 were collected. The samples were analyzed for moisture, crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and also scanned using NIRSystem with wavelength from 400~2,500 nm. Multiple linear regression was used with wet analysis data for developing the calibration model and validated unknown samples. The important index in this experiment were SEC, SEP. The r2 value for moisture, CP, CA, ADF, and NDF in calibration set was 0.65, 0.97, 0.93, 0.99, and 0.97 and also was 0.15, 0.94, 0.96, 0.98 and 0.98 in validation set, respectively. The results of this experiment indicates that NIRS was reliable analytical method to assess forage quality for CP, CA ADF and NDF except moisture content in forage when proper samples incorporated into the equation development.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.331-344
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• 2016

Whole Crop Barley (WCB) is a representative self-sufficient winter annual forage crop, along with Italian Ryegrass (IRG), in Korea. In this study, we examined the path relationship between WCB yield and climate factors such as temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration using a structural equation model. A Bayesian approach was considered to overcome the limitations of the small WCB sample size. As prior distribution of parameters in Bayesian method, standard normal distribution, the posterior result of structural equation model for WCB, and the posterior result of structural equation model for IRG (which is the most popular winter crop) were used. Also, Heywood case correction in prior distribution was considered to obtain the posterior distribution of parameters; in addition, the best prior to fit the characteristics of winter crops was identified. In our analysis, we found that the best prior was set by using the results of a structural equation model to IRG with Heywood case correction. This result can provide an alternative for research on forage crops that have hard to collect sample data.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 1998

The total amount of dry matter for the green manure crops was great wheat> rye> barley> Italian ryegrass in that order. The green manure crope were verified to have the reducing effect of injury of successive croppingin peper, mainly reducing the occurance of the most important pepper disease, Phytophthora capsisi, and enhancing the pepper quality in the fruit length and diameter. The direct seeding using current commercial pepper variety was proved as not economical one. In the first year of compost application, the growth and yield of red pepper were rather somewhat decreasing compared with those of check plot applied with organic fertilizers. compst application increased the content of organic matter in soil, which suggested compost could be applied for the sustainable purposes. In preference analysis about taking the new technique, the smaller farmer's cultivation area the more they wanted to accept the LISA farming, compared with the conventional one, could be possible to save 12% in the inorganic fertilizer expenses but wasted 412% ant 163% in both organic fertilizer and operator labor expenses, respectively. At the same time, the LISA decreased 15% in production cost but increased 225% and 139% in organic fertilizer quantity and operator labor hours. Since there was a great deal of difference in technological and economic factors from two farming methods, LISA multi-goal decision modeling is further required.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2009

Object of this study were to determine the influence of collection times of rumen fluid on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of forage crops. The donor cow was fed concentrate once a day and given free access to grass-legume mixture hay. Main plot was consisted of different collection time of rumen fluid; T1: 1 hour before concentrate feeding, T2: 1 hour after feeding, T3: 4 hour after feeding and T4: 8 hour after feeding. A total of 7 samples of 4 different forage crops (barely, Italian ryegrass, crimson clover, rye) were used for the estimation of IVDMD and tested in three replicates. For the $DAISY^{II}$ incubation, each sample was inserted into each filter bag then heat-sealed and incubated in a digestion vessel for 48 h at $39^{\circ}C$. The times of rumen fluid collection had no significant effect on the IVDMD values over all varieties except for 2 breeds of IRG (Kogreen and Kospeed). IVDMD values with T1 over all varieties were slightly higher than other treatments, however those with both T1 of Kogreen and Kospeed varieties were significantly higher than T2 (p<.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2012

Mechanized operation model and mechanical cultivation technology for winter barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and sudan grass wrap silage production system at the paddy field for cropping system was developed. Also, a series of experiment were performed and lots of data were collected and analyzed to develope mechanical technology, coverage area, and optimum size of the farm (break-even point) for wrap silage production system. The coverage area for winter barley or rye wrap-silage production system is determined around 61.9, 73.4, 77.5, 88.2 ha in the case of drill seeding and different ripening species by tractor power 50, 75, 100, 130 ps, respectably. The break-even point of the farming size is analyzed as 20 ha and its production cost is estimated around 367, 383, 430, 443 won/TDN-kg in the case of winter barley wrap-silage by tractor power 50, 75, 100, 130 ps, respectably. The break-even point of the farming size is analyzed as coverage area and its production cost is estimated around 237, 215 won/TDN-kg in the case of winter barley wrap silage and sudan grass by the tractor power 50, 100 ps, respectably.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1616-1622
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• 2021

Objective: Bioactive compounds in ruminant products are related to functional compounds in their diets. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of forage sources, Italian ryegrass (IR) silage vs corn silage (CS) in the total mixed ration (TMR), on milk production, milk composition, and phytanic acid content in milk, as well as on the extent of conversion of dietary phytol to milk phytanic acid. Methods: Phytanic acid content in milk was investigated for cows fed a TMR containing either IR silage or CS using 17 cows over three periods of 21 days each. In periods 1 and 3, cows were fed CS-based TMR (30% CS), while in period 2, cows were fed IR silage-based TMR (20% IR silage and10% CS). Results: The results showed that there were no differences in fat, protein, lactose, solids-not-fat, somatic cell count, and fatty acid composition of milk among the three experimental periods. There were no differences in the plasma concentration of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids among the three experimental periods, while the blood urea nitrogen was higher (p<0.05) in period 2. The milk phytanic acid content was higher (p<0.05) in period 2 (13.9 mg/kg) compared with periods 1 (9.30 mg/kg) and 3 (8.80 mg/kg). Also, the phytanic acid content in the feces was higher (p<0.05) in period 2 (1.65 mg/kg dry matter [DM]) compared with period 1 (1.15 mg/kg DM), and 3 (1.17 mg/kg DM). Although the phytol contents in feces did not differ among the three feeding periods, the conversion ratio from dietary phytol to milk phytanic acid was estimated to be only 2.6%. Conclusion: Phytanic acid content in cow's milk increases with increasing phytol content in diets. However, phytol might not be completely metabolized in the rumen and phytanic acid, in turn, might not be completely recovered into cow's milk. The change of phytanic acid content in milk may be positively correlated with the change of phytol in the diet within a short time.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

In the winter forage study, Italian ryegrass(IRG) and barley were selected. In 2018, the dry matter yield of IRG was 16,915kg per ha under the Agrivoltaic System; this was a little more than 16,750kg per ha of outdoors. On the contrary, the dry matter yield of barley was slightly less under the Agrivoltaic System than that of outdoors. In 2019, the dry matter yield under the Agrivoltaic System was 12,062kg per ha for IRG and 12,195kg per ha for the barley; this was 5.4% and 11.5% less than that of outdoors, respectively. In the summer forage study, corn and sorghum×sudangrass were selected. In 2019, the dry matter yield of corn under the Agrivoltaic System was 13,133kg per ha which was 17% less than that of outdoors. The dry matter yield of sorghum×sudangrass was 12,450kg per ha, which was 82.5% of that of outdoors. In 2020, the dry matter yield of corn under the Agrivoltaic System was 8,033kg per ha which was 7.9% less than that of outdoors. The dry matter yield of sorghum×sudangrass was 5,651kg per ha, which was 11.4% less than that of outdoors.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2021

In this study we developed the ground-based multispectral camera system to determine proper period to build and apply the calibration equation for dry matter of winter forage corps monitoring by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of rye, whole barley and Italian ryegrass (IRG) were measured and the growth period was divide by NDVI increasing period and decreasing period. Day of the maximum NDVI value of rye, whole barley and IRG were 8th, 9th and 5th April 2020. Regression analysis showed that the correlation coefficients (R²) between dry matter and NDVI were 0.84, 0.84, 0.78 during NDVI increasing period and 0.00, 0.02, 0.27 during NDVI decreasing period. Therefore, detailed NDVI monitoring is required to determine the proper period to build and apply the calibration equation and the ground-based multispectral camera system was effective tool for detailed NDVI monitoring.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-83
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• 2012

To identification of fungi that occurs round bale silages, 253 fungal contaminated samples were collected from 2009 to 2011. Total 253 silage samples from Italian ryegrass, sudan grass, rye, corn, barley and oat were analysed. Total 270 strains were purely isolated from contaminated round bale silages. The fungi were identified with morphological characteristics and rDNA sequence analysis. Nineteen species of fungi(Rhizopus sp., Fusarium spp., Coprinus sp., Blastomyces sp., Aureobasidium sp., Polypaecilum sp., Botryoderma sp., Mucor sp., Scytalidium sp., Sphaeropsis sp., Aspergillus spp., Trichocladium sp., Humicola sp., Staphylotrichum sp., Periconia sp., Verticillium sp., Diplococcium sp., Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp.) were identified by morphological characteristics. On the other hand, fungi isolated from silage were identified to Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus tubingensis, Bionectria ochroleuca, Dipodascaceae sp., Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusrium solani, Gelasinospora reticulata, Gibberella moniliformis, Gibberella zeae, Nectria mauritiicola, Penicillium paneum, Pseudallecheria boydii, Schizophyllum commune, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Simplicillium lamellicola by rDNA sequence analysis. Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp., were isolated 74 and 64 strains, respectively. Humicola sp., Aspergillus sp., Coprinus sp., and Fusarium spp. were identified 10 to 30 strains. Most fungi were isolated together with more than one species in a sample looked like one species with the naked eyes.