• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2019

Deactivation of aminoglycosides by their modifying enzymes, including a number of aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferases, is the most ubiquitous resistance mechanism in aminoglycoside-resistant pathogens. Nonetheless, in a couple of biosynthetic pathways for gentamicins, fortimicins, and istamycins, phosphorylation of aminoglycosides seems to be a unique and initial step for the creation of a natural defensive structural feature such as a 3',4'-dideoxy scaffold. Our aim was to elucidate the biochemical details on the beginning of these C3',4'-dideoxygenation biosynthetic steps for aminoglycosides. The biosynthesis of istamycins must surely involve these 3',4'-didehydroxylation steps, but much less has been reported in terms of characterization of istamycin biosynthetic genes, especially about the phosphotransferase-encoding gene. In the disruption and complementation experiments pointing to a putative gene, istP, in the genome of wild-type Streptomyces tenjimariensis, the function of the istP gene was proved here to be a phosphotransferase. Next, an in-frame deletion of a known phosphotransferase-encoding gene forP from the genome of wild-type Micromonospora olivasterospora resulted in the appearance of a hitherto unidentified fortimicin shunt product, namely 3-O-methyl-FOR-KK1, whereas complementation of forP restored the natural fortimicin metabolite profiles. The bilateral complementation of an istP gene (or forP) in the ${\Delta}forP$ mutant (or ${\Delta}istP$ mutant strain) successfully restored the biosynthesis of 3',4'-dideoxy fortimicins and istamycins, thus clearly indicating that they are interchangeable launchers of the biosynthesis of 3',4'-dideoxy types of 1,4-diaminocyclitol antibiotics.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제84권3호
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• pp.627-637
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• 2023

목적 환자의 자세가 극하근의 힘줄병의 단계, 두께와 관찰가능 범위에 영향을 주는지 알아보고자 하였으며, 이로써 내전자세에서 초음파로 극하근을 평가하는 것이 가능한지 알고자 하였다. 대상과 방법 이 연구는 극하근을 세 가지 다른 자세(중립자세, 내전자세, 반대쪽 어깨에 손을 얹은 자세)로 평가한 48명의 환자의 52개의 어깨를 대상으로 하였다. 두 명의 영상의학과 전문의가 후향적으로 극하근의 힘줄병의 단계를 grade 0에서 grade 3까지, 관찰가능 범위를 grade 1에서 grade 4까지 판정하였다. 극하근의 두께는 다른 영상의학과 전문의가 단축 영상에서 측정하였다. 일반화추정방정식을 통계적 기법으로 사용하였다. 결과 반대쪽 어깨에 손을 얹은 자세에서 힘줄병의 단계는 내전자세보다 누적승산비가 2.087(p = 0.004, 95% 신뢰구간: 1.268-3.433)로 더 높았으나, 중립자세에서 힘줄병은 단계는 내전자세(p = 0.146)와 반대쪽 어깨에 손을 얹은 자세(p = 0.370)와 유의한 차이가 없었다. 극하근의 두께(p < 0.001)는 자세에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었으나, 관찰가능 범위(p = 0.530)는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 환자의 자세는 극하근의 힘줄병의 단계와 두께에는 영향을 주었지만 관찰가능 범위에는 영향을 주지 않았다. 내전자세에서도 초음파로 극하근을 평가하는 것이 가능하다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.30-41
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• 2024

The dense granule protein of Toxoplasma gondii, inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (IST) is an inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) transcriptional activity that binds to STAT1 and regulates the expression of inflammatory molecules in host cells. A sterile inflammatory liver injury in pathological acute liver failures occurs when excessive innate immune function, such as the massive release of IFN-γ and TNF-α, is activated without infection. In relation to inflammatory liver injury, we hypothesized that Toxoplasma gondii inhibitor of STAT1 transcription (TgIST) can inhibit the inflammatory response induced by activating the STAT1/IRF-1 mechanism in liver inflammation. This study used IFN-γ and TNF-α as inflammatory inducers at the cellular level of murine hepatocytes (Hepa-1c1c7) to determine whether TgIST inhibits the STAT1/IRF-1 axis. In stable cells transfected with TgIST, STAT1 expression decreased with a decrease in interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 levels. Furthermore, STAT1 inhibition of TgIST resulted in lower levels of NF-κB and COX2, as well as significantly lower levels of class II transactivator (CIITA), iNOS, and chemokines (CLXCL9/10/11). TgIST also significantly reduced the expression of hepatocyte proapoptotic markers (Caspase3/8/9, P53, and BAX), which are linked to sterile inflammatory liver injury. TgIST also reduced the expression of adhesion (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and infiltration markers of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) induced by hepatocyte and tissue damage. TgIST restored the cell apoptosis induced by IFN-γ/TNF-α stimulation. These results suggest that TgIST can inhibit STAT1-mediated inflammatory and apoptotic responses in hepatocytes stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2005

SMART 연구로의 노외계측기 설계를 위하여 고온 전출력 조건과 중성자 계수율이 최소가 되는 조건에 대해서 중성자속 분포 평가를 수행하였다. 고온 전출력 조건에서 IST 영역의 에너지 구간별 중성자속 분포 계산은 DORT와 MCNP코드를 이용하였으며, 계산 결과 IST 내의 첫 번째 물 영역에서 최대의 열중성자속을 보였고 두 코드 결과는 대략 10% 이내에서 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 중성자 계수율이 최소가 되는 조건에서 노외계측기 설치 영역에서의 중성자속을 계산한 결과, 선원의 세기가 $1.0{\times}10^8(n/sec)$이라고 가정한 경우 최대 열중성자속의 크기는 $6.99{\times}10^{-2}(n/cm^2-sec)$로 전체 중성자속의 80% 이상을 차지하는 것으로 나타났는데 이는 IST 철 구조물을 통과한 속중성자가 감속능이 큰 물 영역에서 에너지를 잃고 열중성자로 변하였기 때문이다. 그러므로 노외계측기 설계시 계측기를 둘러싸는 계측기 안내관 충전물질, 설치위치 그리고 각 계측기 Segment들의 길이 등을 최적화하여 중성자 계수율을 증가시키는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있겠으며, 이러한 중성자속 평가 결과는 노외계측기가 IST 영역에 설치될 경우 노외계측기 선속 요건으로 이용될 수 있다.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제2집
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• pp.75-100
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• 2000

Das Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, dass wir aile seit Lakoff(1965) als inchoative Verben angenommenen Konstruktionen aus Adjektiv + werden bzw. die dazu synonymen Verben nicht mehr unter eine Kategorie 'Inchoativ' subsumieren, und diese Konstruktionen mutatives(werden + dick), ingressives(werden + krank) und duratives Verb(werden + dicker) untergliedern, und $schlie{\ss}lich$ auf Grund dieser Analyse Vendlers 4 Situationstypen Zustand, Prozess, Accomplishmen und Achievement noch deutlicher spezifizieren. Mutative Verben sind rechtsbegrenzte Prozessverben, ingressive Verben linksbegrenzte Zustandsverben, und durative Verben nichtbegrenzte Prozessverben. In mutativen und durativen Verben wird der Vorgang als Kontinuum aufgefasst, und in ingressiven Verben wird der Vorgang als diskontinuierliche Aufeinanderfolge zweler $Zust\"{a}nde.\;\"{U}brigens$ haben mutative Verben obligatolisch Prozesscharakter und der Prozess bewirkt $Zustandsver\"{a}nderung$. Ingressive Verben haben nicht $prim\"{a}r$ Prozesscharakter, und $m\"{o}glicher$ Prozess $verl\"{a}uft$ innerhalb emes Zustandes. Es gibt also $gen\"{u}gend$ Motivation $daf\"{u}r$, werden bei allen drei Klassen in einheitlicher Weise zu beschreiben. Nach $g\"{a}ngiger$ Auffassung ist die Semantische Form(SF) von werden vom semantisch unmarkierten sein durch das telische $Pt\"{a}dikat\;_{BECOME}$ unterschieden. In diesem Aufsatz $ersetzt_{CHANGE}\;das\;Pradikat\;_{BECOME;}$ die Bedeutung von $von\;_{BECOME}$ ist eine der $m\"{o}glichen kontextabh\"{a}ngigen$ semantischen Anreicherungen $von\;_{CHANGE.\;CHANGE}$ ist unterbestimmt $bez\"{u}glich\;Telizit\"{a}t$ und Prozesshaftigkeit. $_{CHANGE}[P(X)]$ ist die Basis­bedeutungskomponente von werden in allen adjektivischen werden­Konstruktionen. Mit Hilfe von $Pr\"{a}dikaten\;_{CHANGE,\;TARG},\;und\;_{ATOM}$ bekommen wir die Beschreibung von $Markiertheitsverh\"{a}Itnissen$ zwischen den Situations­typen, die mit nur zwei semantischen Klassifizierungskomponenten(${\pm}Prozess,\;{\pm}Become$) nicht darzustellen sind. Veranderungssituationen sind $Nicht-Zust\"{a}nde$, markiert durch das $Pt\"{a}dikat\;_{CHANGE}.\;Ver\"{a}nderungs­situationen$ mit einem Ziel(TARG) sind Ereignisse. Eine Veranderung ohne Begrenzung ist ein Prozess. Achievements sind $atomare(_{ATOM})\;Ereignisse(_{TARG})$. Accomplishments sind durch TARG hinreichend charakterisiert, d.h. eine $zielbezogene(_{TARG})$ Veranderung, die nicht als $atomar(_{-ATOM})$ gekennzeichnet ist, ist ein Accomplishment.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2017

A thin film thermoelectric generator that consisted of 5 p/n pairs was fabricated with $1{\mu}m$-thick n-type $In_3Sb_1Te_2$ and p-type $Ge_2Sb_2Te_5$ deposited via radio frequency magnetron sputtering. First, $1{\mu}m$-thick GST and IST thin films were deposited at $250^{\circ}C$ and room temperature, respectively, via radio-frequency sputtering; these films were annealed from 250 to $450^{\circ}C$ via rapid thermal annealing. The optimal power factor was found at an annealing temperature of $400^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. To demonstrate thermoelectric generation, we measured the output voltage and estimated the maximum power of the n-IST/p-GST generator by imposing a temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions. The maximum output voltage and the estimated maximum power of the $1{\mu}m$-thick n-IST/p-GST TE generators are approximately 17.1 mV and 5.1 nW at ${\Delta}T=12K$, respectively.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The purpose of this in vitro study was to examine the reliability of the Anycheck device and the effect of the healing abutment diameter on the Anycheck values (implant stability test, IST). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty implants were placed into three artificial bone blocks with 10 Ncm, 15 Ncm, and 35 Ncm insertion torque value (ITV), respectively (n = 10). (1) The implant stability was measured with three different kinds of devices (Periotest M, Osstell ISQ Mentor, and Anycheck). (2) Five different diameters (4.0, 4.5, 4.8, 5.5, and 6.0 mm) of healing abutments of the same height were connected to the implants and the implant stability was measured four times in different directions with Anycheck. The measured mean values were statistically analyzed. RESULTS. The correlation coefficient between the mean implant stability quotient (ISQ) and IST value was 0.981 (P<.01) and the correlation coefficient between the meant periotest value (PTV) and IST value was -0.931 (P<.01). There were no statistically significant differences among the IST values with different healing abutment diameters. CONCLUSION. There was a strong correlation between the Periotest M and Anycheck values and between the ISQ and IST. The diameter of the healing abutment had no effect on the Anycheck values.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2018

Objective: This study investigated the effects of air stacking training (AST) on pulmonary function, respiratory strength, and peak cough flow (PCF) in persons with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI). Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 24 persons with CSCI were randomly allocated to the AST group (n=12) or the incentive spirometry training (IST) group (n=12). Patients with CSCI received AST or IST for 15 minutes, with 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks, and all groups performed basic exercises for 15 minutes. In the AST group, after the subject inhaled the maximal amount of air as best as possible, the therapist insufflated additional air into the patient's lung using an oral nasal mask about 2-3 times. In the IST group, patients were allowed to hold for three seconds at the maximum inspiration and then to breathe. The pre and post-tests measured forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume one at second (FEV1), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and PCF. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in FVC, FEV1, MEP, MIP and PCF values after training (p<0.05). The FVC in the post-test and the mean change of FVC, FEV1, MIP were significantly higher in the AST group than the IST group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggested that AST significantly improved pulmonary function, respiratory strength, and PCF in persons with CSCI. Therefore, AST should be included in respiratory rehabilitation programs to improve coughing ability, pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.185-191
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• 1989

염화알칼리토금속과 염화사알킬암모늄의 $H_2{^{17}}O$을 포함하는 수용액에서 양성자 nmr 스펙트럼을 pH를 변화시켜면서 $25^{\circ}$에서 측정하였다. 스펙트럼의 반 높이 선나비로부터 양성자 교환속도를 계산하였다. 이렇게 관찰한 수용액에서의 양성자 교환속도는 pH에 따라 변하였으며 특히 양성자 교환속도가 최소를 나타내는 현상은 pH에 의존적이었다. 후자의 현상을 염화알칼리토금속의 경우에는 용매구조 촉진효과에 의하여 사알킬암모늄 이온의 경우에는 소수성 수화에 의한 것이라고 각각 설명할 수 있었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3411-3416
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• 2016

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a malignancy arising from the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx, is distinct from others cancers in terms of its epidemiologic features. It is rare in most parts of the world except for a few regions with populations of Mongoloid origin. Objectives: To study the expression pattern of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) encoded oncoproteins EBNA1 and LMP1 in different histological types of NPC and to correlate expression patterns with sex, age and histological types. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded NPC biopsy samples and tissues from 20 healthy controls were collected to study the expression level of EBNA1 and LMP1 using immunohistochemistry. Results: EBNA1 and LMP1 expression was found in 92.5% and 90% respectively, of the cases and none of the control specimens. The expression patterns of EBNA1 and LMP1 were determined to be statistically significant (p<0.05) when correlated with sex, age and histological distributions. Also immunohistochemistry was found to be a sensitive technique in the detection of EBV. Conclusions: The study reveals that the potent oncoproteins EBNA1 and LMP1 were over expressed in our population cohort. Our findings are to some extent inconsistent with earlier reports as our population showed a higher expression of both EBNA1 and LMP1 compared to other studies.