• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of current density on penetration depth, tissue concentration and transdermal transport of methylene blue(MB) by iontophoretic transdermal delivery. METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 1 mA($0.11mA/cm^2$), 2 mA($0.22mA/cm^2$), 4 mA($0.44mA/cm^2$), and 8 mA($0.89mA/cm^2$) groups. These rats were exposed to anodic iontophoresis of 1% MB using a direct current for 15 minutes. The penetration depth were measured using light microscopy from cryosections of skin tissue. The tissue concentration and transdermal transport were measured using biochemical analysis from target skin tissues. The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The significant differences in the penetration depth, tissue concentration and transdermal transport were detected among the groups(p<.001). Post hoc comparisons of the penetration depth, tissue concentration and transdermal transport of he 2 mA, 4 mA, and 8 mA iontophoresis groups were greater than in the 1 mA iontophoresis group(p<.05). There was no significant difference, however, among 2 mA, 4 mA, and 8 mA iontophoresis group. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the efficiency of iontophoresis from 2 mA($0.22mA/cm^2$) to 8 mA($0.89mA/cm^2$). Higher current density can cause skin injury and discomfort sensation. In general, $0.5mA/cm^2$ is proposed to be the maximum iontophoretic current which should be used on human. The appropriate current amplitude should be selected by considering the safety current density and the depth of the target tissue.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.232.2-232.2
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• 2003

Transdermal iontophoresis is a physical enhancement technique to facilitate the delivery of primarily charged molecules across the skin. Principal mechanism of iontophoresis is electrorepulsion experienced by the charged solutes under the application of a potential gradient. In this work, we have investigated several factors (concentration of NADPH, current density) that can affect the iontophoretic flux. We also studied the stability of NADPH in aqueous solution with/without various antioxidants such as butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). (omitted)

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2011

The objective of this work is to study transdermal delivery of calcitonin using iontophoresis and to evaluate various factors which affect the transdermal transport. We have studied the effect of polarity, current density, drug concentration, penetration enhancers (isopropyl myristate [IPM] and ethanol) and laser treatment on transdermal flux and the results were compared. We also investigated the iontophoretic flux from microemulsions containing calcitonin together with oleic acid (OA) or IPM. In vitro flux study was performed at $33^{\circ}C$, using side-by-side diffusion cell and full thickness hairless mouse skin. Anodal delivery at pH 3.0 was much larger than cathodal and passive delivery, due to the positive charge of calcitonin. Cumulative amount delivered (CUM) by cathodal or passive delivery was close to zero for 10 hours. The pretreatment of skin by neat IPM markedly increased the CUM anodically. CUM increased as the current density, drug concentration or the duration of IPM treatment increased. Microemulsion containing IPM or oleic acid was prepared and the phase diagram was constructed. CUM also increased when IPM was incorporated into a microemulsion. OA microemulsion showed similar enhancing effect to IPM microemulsion. The delivery of calcitonin from 70% (v/v) ethanol aqueous solution showed a large increase in flux. Laser treatment of skin before flux experiment exhibited about 2 fold increase in total calcitonin amount transported for 12 hours, when compared to that delivered by IPM microemulsion. Based on these results, we have evaluated the possibility of delivering enough amount of calcitonin to reach the therapeutic level. The data suggest that it is highly possible to deliver clinically effective amount of calcitonin using iontophoresis patch with small area (<10 $cm^2$).

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.454-458
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• 2010

Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world, which are caused by complex actions of oral such factors as the bacteria, food, tooth, saliva and other factors. Although this is one of the typical oral diseases, we can acquire a high prophylactic effect by use of proper prophylactic measures and management. At the beginning of the 1940s, fluorine was first introduced to prevent dental caries which now is widely used. The fluorine application effects are varied from different concentrations and categories of fluorine, and different application method and frequency, etc. There is great debate on the best application method at the present. Dental clinics use iontophoresis as the application method and use it clinically. It uses APF (1.23%, Acidulated phosphate fluoride, APF) and uses 2% NaF so as to encourage more absorption of fluorine. Recently, fluoride varnish, which uses admixture mucus of colophony resin into 5% NaF, and a variety of forms that can be applied in the oral cavity are still being continuously researched. When using fluoride topical application on the enamel surface, it was highly recommended that fluoride varnish be used directly after fluoride iontophoresis rather than fluoride iontophoresis only or fluoride varnish by itself. The new method is more effective and does not need repeated application.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.171-177
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• 1999

Lidocaine(2-Diethylaminoaceto-2', 6'-xylidide) was transdennally delivered by iontophoresis and the effect of enhancer on the delivery of lidocaine was studied. We delivered lidocaine through the skin of hairless mouse using diffusion cell and investigated the effect of the amount of cation salts such as sodium chloride, calcium acetate, zinc acetate and aluminum acetate on the drug delivery. The amounts of transported drugs and adsorbed metal ions were measured by HPLC(High Perfonnance Liquid Chromatography) and AAS(Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry), respectively. The addition of zinc acetate and aluminum acetate greatly enhanced the delivery of lidocaine. The detection of two metal ions by AAS seemed to support the idea that the astringency effect of these ions were the main reason for the enhancement of transdermal delivery.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.69-81
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• 2000

이온삼투요법이란 지속적인 직류의 사용으로 피부를 통해 이온화된 약물을 무통성으로 환부에 도입하여 질병을 치료하는 요법이다. 한의학에서 이온삼투요법에 적용하기 위한 한약물의 제조 방법 및 기준이 아직 구체적으로 설정되어 있지 않다. 이에 저자는 이온삼투요법에 자주 활용되고 있는 현호색 증류 추출물의 정량분석을 실시하였다. HPLC에서 corydaline 표준품의 크로마토그램 peak는 5.95분에서 나타났으나, 현호색 증류 추출물에서는 corydaline 고유의 peak인 5.95분에서 나타나지 않는 것으로 보아 corydaline이 함유되지 않은 것을 알 수 있다. CG/MS에서 corydaline 표준품의 스백트럼의 peak는 7.89분에서 나타나고 분자량은 m/z 369가 나타났으나, 현호색 증류 추출물에서는 산성 조건, 중성 조건, 알카리 조건 모두에서 corydaline 표준품 고유 스펙트럼의 peak가 나타나지 않았고 분자량도 m/z 369가 나타나지 않은 것으로 보아 corydaline이 함유되지 않은 것을 알 수 있다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 현호색 증류 추출물의 모든 샘플에서 corydaline이 검출되지 않은 것은 증류하는 과정에서 corydaline이 가진 지용성(脂溶性) 특징 때문에 함유되지 않거나, 극미량(極微量)만이 함유되어 있기 때문일 것으로 보인다. 그러므로 이온삼투요법에 응용하는 약물을 추출할 때에는 해당 약물의 화학적 특성을 고려하여 추출방법을 선택해야 목적하는 유효성분을 얻을 수 있다. 그리고 현호색의 경우 corydaline 이외의 다른 성분이 약효에 작용하는지에 대한 여부가 지속적으로 연구되어야 한다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.303-307
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• 2006

지난 수십 년간 소아의 치아우식증 예방과 성인의 지각과민증 둔화에 여러가지 국소불소도포를 이용하면서, 보다 효과적이면서도 사용이 용이하고 다양하게 적용될 수 있는 최선의 방법을 모색하고자 노력해왔다. 이에 본 연구에서는 불소이온영동 시 전류와 시간에 따라 법랑질에 흡수된 불소농도의 차이를 분석해보기 위함이다. 구강에서 교정치료를 위해 발거한 건전한 치아 40개를 선택하여 0.2 mA와 0.5 mA의 전류에서 시행한 실험군과 1개의 대조군으로 분류한 후, 각 실험군은 3개의 아군(1, 3, 및 5분군)으로 재분류하여 한 군당 5~6개의 치아를 선정하였고, 2% 불화나트륨 용액으로 이온영동을 시행하여 법랑질 표면적이 $9mm^2$($3{\times}3mm$)가 되도록 시료를 제작하였다. 법랑질 표면의 불소농도는 X-선 광전자분광분석과 주사전자현미경 관찰로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 불소이온영동된 시료의 X-선 광전자분광분석 결과, 법랑질 표면의 원소 중 불소의 비율은 대조군이 0.49%임에 비해 '1분', '3분' 및 '5분' 동안의 실험 군에서는 02전류에서 각각 2.67%, 2.79%, 3.04%이었고, 0.5 mA전류에서는 2.71, 2.87 및 3.80%로 나타났다. 2. 주사전자현미경적 소견으로 불소이온영동 초기에는 법랑질 표면에 불규칙하고 석회화된 결정체 입자들이 침착된 형상으로 나타났고, 불소이온영동 시간이 경과될수록 법랑질 내에서 반응이 일어나 새로운 기반이 형성되어 균질한 양상을 나타냈다. 이상의 연구결과로 0.5 mA 의 전류에서 '5분' 동안 불소이온영동을 시행할 시 법랑질 표면에 불화인회석이 형성되는 양상으로 나타났다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.815-820
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• 2001

This study was to determine whether iontophoresis application would produce analgesic effect for clinical practice. Physical therapist controls pain produced by various causes and plays a role improving functional disability. I studied varieties of pain theories, mechanisms and iontoporosis principles which need for physical therapist. These were summarized as follwings; 1 . In the case of chronic patients, it is helpful to adapt iontophoresis treatment as well as generalized treatments which goals for pain releasc. 2. lontophoresis treatment should be positively examined to control pains safely. efficienently without sideeffects. 3. lontoporesis treatment suggests the foundations that hormone or anaesthetics should be incluided in the range of medicines physical therapist can deal with.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제23권3호spc1호
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• pp.41-50
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• 1993

The iontophoretic delivery across rat skin of quaternary ammonium salts (isopropamide: ISP, pyridostigmine: PS), which are positively charged over a wide pH range, was measured ill vitro. The study showed that: (a) iontophoresis significantly enhanced delivery of ISP and PS compared to respective passive transport; (b) delivery of ISP and PS was directly proportional to the applied continuous direct current density over the range of $0-0.69\;mA/cm^2;$ (c) delivery of ISP and PS was also proportional to the drug concentration in the donor compartment over the range of $0-2{\time}l0^{-2}M:$ (d) sodium ion in the donor compartment inhibited the drug transport possibly due to decreasing the electric transference number of the drug; (e) delivery of ISP and PS increased as the pH of the donor solution increased over the pH range 2-7 suggesting permselective nature of the epidermis, and inhibition of the transference number of the drugs by hydronium ion; (f) some organic anions such as taurodeoxycholate, salicylate and benzoate which form lipophilic ion-pair complexes with ISP inhibited the delivery of ISP. The degree of inhibition by the organic anions was linearly proportional to the extraction coefficient $(K_e)$ of ISP from the partition system with each counteranion between phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and n-octanol. For PS, however, taurodeoxycholate, but not salicylate and benzoate inhibited the iontophoretic delivery. It suggests that not only sodium ion and hydronium ion but also the counteranions which form lipophilic ion-pairs with quaternary ammonium drugs are not favorable components in formulating the donor solution of the drugs to achieve an effective iontophoretic delivery.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.111-115
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• 1999

We have studied the transdermal flux of prostaglandin $E_1$ $(PGE_1)$ from a hydrogel patch through hairless mouse skin, to test the possibility of developing a transdermal delivery system. Karaya gum patch containing $PGE_1$ was prepared by casting method. $PGE_1$ was stable in the patch for 10 weeks. The effect of current application, enhancer (propylene glycol monolaurate : PGML), adhesive and patch thickness on the flux was studied using side-by-side diffusion cell. Passive flux of $PGE_1$ was negligible. Cathodal delivery increased the flux about 20 fold. As the concentrations of PGML increased, flux increased. When 5% PGML was used as the enhancer, maximum flux by cathodal iontophoresis was $55\;{\mu}g/cm^2\;hr$. It increased about 2 folds to $100\;{\mu}g/cm^2\;hr$, when the amount of PGML used was 9%. Large increase in flux and the decrease in time to reach maximum flux were observed when the skin was pretreated with neat PGML (maximum flux obtained was about $200\;{\mu}g/cm^2\;hr$). Use of adhesive decreased the flux significantly. To the contrary of our expectation, increase in current density decreased the flux. These flux data together with the stability data indicate that, though the onset of sufficient delivery occur after 1-2 hours of application, therapeutic amount of $PGE_1$ can be delivered through skin using iontophoresis and penetration enhancer.