• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.102-107
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• 1990

The reaction of thiazoline-azetidinone (7) with $I_2$ in $CH_2Cl_2-H_2O$ gave directly 3-iodo-3-methylcepham (4). A phase transfer catalyst considerably increased the reaction rate. Similar to the hydrolysis of thiazoline-azetidinone (7) under a weak acidic condition, thiazole (10) was given as major product in the treatment with 0.1 eq. of iodine. The difference between cyclization reaction and hydrolysis could be explained in terms of solvents, the amount of iodine and the nature of thiazoline-azetidinones (7).

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.278-285
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• 2010

The Sulfur-Iodine (SI) thermochemical hydrogen production process of a closed cycle consists of three sections, which are so called the Bunsen reaction section, the $H_2SO_4$ decomposition section and the HI decomposition section. To identify the role of oxygen that can be supplied to the Bunsen reaction section via the $H_2SO_4$ decomposition section, Bunsen reactions with a $SO_2,\;SO_2-O_2$ mixture and $SO_2-N_2$ mixture as feed gases were carried out using a stirred reactor in the presence of $I_2/H_2O$ mixture. As the results, the amounts of $I_2$ unreacted under the feed of mixture gases were higher than those under the feed of $SO_2$ gas only, and the amount of HI produced was relatively decreased. The results of Bunsen reaction using $SO_2-O_2$ mixture were similar to those using $SO_2-N_2$ mixture. It may be concluded that an oxygen in $SO_2-O_2$ mixture has a role as a carrier gas like a nitrogen in $SO_2-N_2$ mixture. The effects of oxygen were decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing oxygen content in $SO_2-O_2$ mixture.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.386-393
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• 2008

The Sulfur-iodine(SI) thermochemical cycle is one of the most promising methods for massive hydrogen production. For the purpose of continuous operation of SI cycle, phase separation characteristics into two liquid phases ($H_2SO_4$-rich phase and $HI_x$-rich phase) were directly investigated via Bunsen reaction. The experiments for Bunsen reaction were carried out in the temperature range, from 298 to 333 K, and in the $I_2/H_2O$ molar ratio of $0.109{\sim}0.297$ under a continuous flow of $SO_2$ gas. As the results, solubility of $SO_2$, decreased with increasing the temperature, had considerable influence on the global composition in the Bunsen reaction system. The amounts of impurity in each phase(HI and $I_2$ in $H_2SO_4$-rich phase and $H_2SO_4$ in $HI_x$-rich phase) were decreased with increasing $H_2SO_4$ molar ratio and temperature. To control the amounts of impurity in $HI_x$-rich phase, temperature is a factor more important than $I_2/H2_O$ molar ratio. On the other hand, the affinity between $HI_x$ and $H_2O$ was increased with increasing $I_2/H2_O$molar ratio.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.848-852
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• 2005

The two important problems to solve before the industrialization of the iodine-sulfur (IS) process are (i) methods to separate $H_2SO_4$ and HI and (ii) to maintain constant components. However undesired reaction was occurred and $H_2S$ and S were formed during the Bunsen reaction. It is necessary to forbid the undesired reaction between $H_2SO_4$ and HI by separating the two acids into two different layers. The experimental conditions for the present study was chosen in such a way that to achieve the separation between the two acids and minimize the side reaction. $H_2S$ formation was reduced and the separations of the two liquids were occurred at $H_2O$ molar fraction from 0.86 to 0.909. But the separations between the two liquids were not occurred at $H_2O$ molar fraction more than 0.92.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2007

Porosity paper evidence is encountered in case of forgery, kidnapping, fraud and terrorist activity. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of three chemical reagents (Ninhydrin, 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO), Iodine fuming) to the quality of developed latent fingerprints on porosity printing papers and newspaper. In case of printing papers, print quality was better with Iodine fuming method than Ninhydrin and DFO treatment to developing latent fingerprints. Developing latent fingerprint on newspapers was achieved with Iodine fuming processing. The processing of Iodine fuming followed by DFO and by using blue light (orange red filter) exhibited better results with Iodine fuming. Enhancement of latent fingerprint detection image using Digital Imaging System was achieved.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 2018

This paper summarizes results of research on the electrochemical (EC) degradation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and iodine-containing contrast media (ICMs), with the focus on EC reductive dehalogenation. The efficiency of EC dehalogenation of DBPs increases with the number of halogen atoms in an individual DBP species. EC reductive cleavage of bromine from parent DBPs is faster than that of chlorine. EC data and quantum chemical modeling indicate that the EC reduction of iodine-containing DBPs (I-DBPs) is characterized by the formation of active iodine that reacts with the organic substrate. The occurrence of ICMs has attracted attention due to their association with the generation of I-DBPs. Indirect EC oxidation of ICMs using anodes that produce reactive oxygen species can result in a complete degradation of these compounds yet I-DBPs are formed in the process. Reductive EC deiodination of ICMs is rapid and its overall rate is diffusion-controlled yet I-DBPs are also produced in this reaction. Further progress in practically feasible EC methods to remove DBPs, ICMs and other trace-level organic contaminants requires the development of novel electrocatalytic materials, elimination of mass transfer limitations via innovative design of 3D electrodes and EC reactors, and further progress in the understanding of intrinsic mechanisms of EC reactions of DBPs and TrOC at EC interfaces.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.334-341
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• 2011

The mechanism behind super-filling of high-aspect-ratio features with Cu by catalyst-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CECVD) coupled with plasma treatment is described and the metrology required to predict the filling feasibility is identified and quantified. The reaction probability of a Cu precursor was determined as a function of substrate temperature. Iodine adatoms are deactivated by the bombardment of energetic particles and also by the overdeposition of sputtered Cu atoms during the plasma treatment. The degree of deactivation of adsorbed iodine was experimentally quantified. The quantified factors, reaction probability and degree of deactivation of iodine were introduced to the simulation for the prediction of the trench filling aspect by CECVD coupled with plasma treatment. Simulated results show excellent agreement with the experimental filling aspects.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.205-224
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• 2023

The emission of off-gas streams from used fuel recycling is a concern in nuclear energy usage as they contain radioactive compounds, such as, ³H, ¹⁴C, ⁸⁵Kr, ¹³¹I, and ¹²⁹I that can be harmful to human health and environment. Radioactive iodine, ¹²⁹I, is particularly troublesome as it has a half-life of more than 15 million years and is prone to accumulate in human thyroid glands. Organic iodides are hazardous even at very low concentrations, and hence the capture of ¹²⁹I is extremely important. Dynamic adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of sodium mordenite, partially exchanged silver mordenite, and fully exchanged silver mordenite for the removal of methyl iodide present at parts per billion concentrations in a simulated off-gas stream. Kinetic analysis of the system was conducted incorporating the effects of diffusion and mass transfer. The possible reaction mechanism is postulated and the order of the reaction and the values of the rate constants were determined from the experimental data. Adsorbent characterization is performed to investigate the nature of the adsorbent before and after iodine loading. This paper will offer a comprehensive understanding of the methyl iodide behavior when in contact with the mordenites.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.479-486
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• 2010

In order to confirm the effect of $HI_x$ solution on Bunsen reaction in Sulfur-Iodine thermochemical hydrogen production process, the reaction was investigated using $HI_x$ solution as a reactant. The phase separation characteristics of reaction with $HI_x$ solution were compared with the reaction using $I_2$ and $H_2O$ as reactants. Firstly, saturation points of $I_2$ in $HI_x$ solution at various temperatures were investigated to determine reaction conditions. With increasing temperature, the amounts of unreacted $I_2$ and $H_2O$ in $HI_x$ solution were increased, while impurities (HI in $H_2SO_4$ phase and $H_2SO_4$ in $HI_x$ phase) in each phase were decreased. The volumes of $H_2SO_4$ phase obtained from Bunsen reaction with $HI_x$ solution was relatively less than those obtained from the reaction with $I_2$ and $H_2O$. The difficulty of phase separation in Bunsen reaction using $HI_x$ solution may be due to the insufficient amount of $H_2O$ existed in $HI_x$ phase after reaction. Therefore, we concluded that the supplement amount of $H_2O$ should be calculated on the basis of the moles of HI and $H_2SO_4$ and added to the reaction system for good phase separation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.279-286
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• 2020

In this article, we develop a reactive distillation (RD) column configuration for the production of hydrogen. This RD column is in the HI decomposition section of the sulphur - iodine (SI) thermochemical cycle, in which HI decomposition and H₂ separation take place simultaneously. The section plays a major role in high hydrogen production efficiency (that depends on reaction conversion and separation efficiency) of the SI cycle. In the column simulation, the rigorous thermodynamic phase equilibrium and reaction kinetic model are used. The tuning parameters involved in phase equilibrium model are dependent on interactive components and system temperature. For kinetic model, parameter values are adopted from the Aspen flowsheet simulator. Interestingly, there is no side reaction (e.g., solvation reaction, electrolyte decomposition and polyiodide formation) considered aiming to make the proposed model simple that leads to a challenging prediction. The process parameters are determined on the basis of optimal hydrogen production as reflux ratio = 0.87, total number of stages = 19 and feeding point at 8th stage. With this, the column operates at a reasonably low pressure (i.e., 8 bar) and produces hydrogen in the distillate with a desired composition (H₂ = 9.18 mol%, H₂O = 88.27 mol% and HI = 2.54 mol%). Finally, the results are compared with other model simulations. It is observed that the proposed scheme leads to consume a reasonably low energy requirement of 327 MJ/kmol of H₂.