• Molecules and Cells
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.104-113
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• 2005

Large inversions are well characterized in the chloroplast genomes of land plants. In contrast, reports of small inversions are rare and involve limited plant groups. In this study, we report the widespread occurrence of small inversions ranging from 5 to 50 bp in fully and partially sequenced chloroplast genomes of both monocots and dicots. We found that small inversions were much more common than large inversions. The small inversions were scattered over the chloroplast genome including the IR, SSC, and LSC regions. Several small inversions were uncovered in chloroplast genomes even though they shared the same overall gene order. The majority of these small inversions were located within 100 bp downstream of the 3' ends of genes. All had inverted repeat sequences, ranging from 11 to 24 bp, at their ends. Such small inversions form stem-loop hairpin structures that usually have the function of stabilizing the corresponding mRNA molecules. Intra-molecular recombination between the inverted sequences in the stem-forming regions are responsible for generating flip-flop orientations of the loops. The presence of two different orientations of the stem-loop in the trnL-F noncoding region of a single species of Jasminum elegans suggests that a short inversion can be generated within a short period of time. Small inversions of non-coding sequences may influence sequence alignment and character interpretation in phylogeny reconstructions, as shown in nine species of Jasminum. Many small inversions may have been generated by parallel or back mutation events during chloroplast genome evolution. Our data indicate that caution is needed when using chloroplast non-coding sequences for phylogenetic analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1981

1. A total of 969 flies were tested and 19 different inversions were found from the present samples collected three times at yearly intervals in an area. 2. Of the 19 polymorphisms, except for the six common paracentric types of cosmopolitan inversions, 13 were endemic. Among this latter group, one was X-chromosomal, 4 were on second chromosome and 8 on third chromosome. 3. Beside two overlapping inversions all the others were identified as single ones. And the inversion frequency on an average in every three samples tested was 38.9%. 4. The high distribution of the inversions apeared to the second chromosome suggests that a differential adaptive force may be present between the second and third chromosome.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.104-108
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was designed to confirm whether the paracentric inversions of fetuses and parents may be harmless. Materials and methods: We report 10 cases (0.14%) with paracentric inversions among 7,181 prenatal cases observed during prenatal diagnosis performed at Cheil General Hospital between January 2009 and June 2013. We used cytogenetic GTL- and RBG-banding techniques. Results: Of the 10 cases, nine cases were transmitted from each of the parents, and one case was de novo. Nine cases were phenotypically normal up to one month of age after birth. One case was lost to follow-up. We present prenatal diagnosis and follow-up examination of the fetuses with paracentric inversion. Conclusion: Based on our cases, most paracentric inversions are considered to be harmless. The precise identification of paracentric inversions might be clinically important and helpful for genetic counseling.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1983

Oceanic temperature inversions, with unstable stratifications, are frequently founed in the surface layer of a few tens meters in the Japan Sea and the Yellow Sea in Winter. Mechanisms responsible for the generation of temperature inversions include the followings: (1) The nat heat loss at the sea suface requires an upward transport of heat from the interior of the ocean y convection, and this convection leads to the temperature inversions. (2) The downward propagation of the annual variation of the sea surface timperature, with an exponential decrease of amplitude and a linear change of phase with depth, generates the surface inversion layer in winter. (3) The cold water cdvection by Ekman drift, of which magnitude decreases exponentially with depth, generates temperature inversions for the three possible mechanisms mentioned above.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 1982

Density inversions are investigated by using the oceanographic data of temperature and salinity obtained in the Japan Sea Srom 1965 To 1979. The density inversions are found more frequently in winter than summer. About one half of the Japan Sea has the density inversions in winter, while in summer, they appear only in the small part os the Korean Strait. The inversions are usually sormed surface layers of a few tens of meters. Such phenomena can be explained by the advection of cold water in the suface layer by Ekman drift: In winter, the southward flow of surface cold water due to northwesterly monsoon causes the density inversions, and in summer, surface layer on the Korean strit unstable.

• MALSORI
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• no.63
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• pp.23-46
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to compare linguistic features of meter in Amoretti and Sonnets from the Portuguese. Amoretti was composed in the 16th century and Sonnets from the Portuguese in the 19th century. Two poems are very strict in satisfying $^*<_I$(LS that makes a lexical stress matched on a strong position. But they allow a peaked monosyllabic word to be matched on a weak position only if it does not violate $^*(\dot{\sigma}\;{\sigma})$. Syntactic inversions which are found in two poems occur to satisfy metrical constraints and rhyme. Particularly, syntactic inversions for rhyme are mainly found in Amoretti, but are rare in Sonnets from the Portuguese which includes many enjambment lines. Furthermore, this paper shows that syntactic inversions can be explained by the interaction of constraints, such as metrical constraints, SCI, and Binary Foot.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1237-1256
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• 2023

The tree products of groups with amalgamation subgroups are generalizations of the free products of groups with amalgamation subgroup. The aim of this paper is to construct a tree called the standard tree where the tree products of groups with amalgamation subgroups act without inversions and then find the quotient of this action. Furthermore, we show that if the amalgamation subgroups are finite and the factor groups act on disjoint trees then there exists a tree called the fiber tree where the tree products of groups with amalgamation subgroups act without inversions and find the quotients of this action. If each factor is a tree products with amalgamation subgroups, we get a new fiber tree and the corresponding factors.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 1988

계절에 따른 초파리 집단내 역위다형 현상의 변동상을 알기 위하여 전주근교의 과수원에서 1983년 1월부터 11월까지 격월로 여섯번 채집한 집단 표본을 분석하였다. 총 1071마리에서 얻은 15개형의 역위는 모두 편동원체역위(paracentric inversion)였으며, 이 중 7개형은 세계형91위(cosmopolitan inversion)였고, 나머지 8개형은 지역형역위(endemic inversion)였다. 개체당 역위의 평균 보유수는 0.639이고 역위를 보유한 개체의 빈도는 0.465였다. 7개의 세계형역위에 대한 표본집단을 분석한 결과 격월 집단간에서 유의한 차이를 보이는 반면 1월과 1 1월 표본간에서는 그 성황이 오히려 비숫해짐으로서 집단내 총역위빈도는 주기적으로 변동하고 있음이 암시된다. 역위와 환경변수와의 다중상관분석에서는 기온, 습도, 강수량이 역위빈도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 역위 중 In(2L)t가 상기한 환경변수 모두에 대하여 유의한 상관관계를 보인 반면, In(3R)C와 In(3R)P는 어느 것과도 상관성을 보이지 않았다. 염색체내 그리고 염색체간의 연관 또는 조합의 검정결과 연관불평형혈상을 1월, 5월, 그리고 7월 표본의 제3염색체에서, 그리고 비균일조합은 1월과 7월 표본에서 역시 제3염색체에서만 산출 되었다. Seasonal changes of inversion frequencies in Chonju 0. melanogaster populations were studied. A total of 1071 males were collected six times with ho months intewal from January through November in 1983. to analyse diploid sets of chromosomes carried by males, each male was mated to several virgin females homoBvgous for cytologically standard sequence in all chromo-somes. From each mating, more than seven FL larvae were selected in random and tested to find chromosomal aberrations. In the present study, 15 different inversions were found and identified to be paracentric only In both second and third chromosomes; seven were cosmopolitan and the rest eight endemic types. The average frequency of inversions was 0.465 and the mean number of inversions carried by a single male was 0.639. The linkage disequilibria were detected between the leK and right arms of third chromosomes from the samples of January, May and Julv, Whereas nonrandom associations appeared also in the third chromosomes only in January and Julv samples. In multiple regression analysis among frequencies of inversions and environ-mental variables it appeared that mean temperature, relative humidity and total precipitation for a month skipped over 30 days before collected affect to change to frequencies of particular inver-sions. With respect to the behavior of inversions in the present samples, it is suggested, with the Friedman's analysis of variance by ranks of inversion frequency orders, that the frequencies of inversions change cyclically year to year.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics C
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• v.34C no.5
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• pp.55-65
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• 1997

In many cases, a dialogue system can't extract the correct analysis information of a user's spoken utterance, because of its own ungrammatical components. Therefore, in order to perform a correct before it performs the syntactic processing. In this paper, we use a real dialogue corpus and classify these ungrammatical errors as 4 categories : phonological, syntactic, semantic errors that consist of speech reparis and inversions, and propose an algorithm to detect and correct the errors. In short, this paper proposes a method to detect and correct the speech repairs and inversions that are classified as the phonological and syntactic errors to implement a robust dialogue system. And, through the test of real dialogue data, this paper shows an efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.5674-5691
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• 2016

Fast IDentity Online(FIDO) supports biometric authentications in an online environment without transmitting biometric templates over the network. For a given FIDO client, the "Fuzzy Vault" securely stores biometric templates, houses additional biometric templates, and unlocks private keys via biometrics. The Fuzzy Vault has been extensively researched and some vulnerabilities have been discovered, such as brute force, correlation, and key inversions attacks. In this paper, we propose a simple fingerprint Fuzzy Vault for FIDO clients. By using the FIDO feature, a simple minutiae alignment, and point-to-point matching, our Fuzzy Vault provides a secure algorithm to combat a variety of attacks, such as brute force, correlation, and key inversions. Using a case study, we verified our Fuzzy Vault by using a publicly available fingerprint database. The results of our experiments show that the Genuine Acceptance Rate and the False Acceptance Rate range from 48.89% to 80% and from 0.02% to 0%, respectively. In addition, our Fuzzy Vault, compared to existing similar technologies, needed fewer attempts.