• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.502-507
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• 2010

Introduction: This study examined the genetic influence of mandibular prognathism epidemiologically in Korean families. Materials and Methods: Over a 5-year period from 2005 to 2009, a questionnaire with a pedigree chart was given to 100 (male 51, female 49) probands with skeletal Class III mandibular prognathism, who had undergone orthognathic surgery in Samsung Medical Center. Results: The average age of the probands was 22.1. The average SNA, SNB and ANB angles of the probands were $81.2^{\circ}$, $84.1^{\circ}$ and $-2.9^{\circ}$, respectively. A total of 2729 (male 1,354, female 1,375) family members were examined, and the affected ratio of the families was 3.5% with no significant difference between genders. 45% of families had at least one member with a Class III malocclusion other than the proband. The affected ratio of the first-degree relatives (10.9%) was significantly higher than those of the second-degree (3.3%) and third-degree (1.9%) relatives. The affected ratio of the total relatives from the male probands (4.2%) was significantly higher than that of the female probands (2.8%). Heritability ($h^2$, Falconer' method) was estimated to be 29.8% ($0.298{\pm}0.059$) in first-degree relatives. Conclusion: These results showed the significant influence of mandibular prognathism with relatively low heritability in first-degree relatives in Korean families of probands, who had undergone orthognathic surgery to correct a skeletal Class III malocclusion.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.490-496
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• 2010

Introduction: This study examined the effect of a conservative neck dissection in patients with head and neck cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 patients, who underwent a conservative neck dissection for the treatment of oral cancer from January 2002 to December 2007, were included. All procedures were performed by one oral and maxillofacial surgeon. The mean age was 58.2 years (range, 19 to 79 years). The medical recordings, pathologic findings, and radiographic findings were evaluated. The mean follow up period was 41.1 months (range, 4 to 88 months). Results: 1. Oral cancer was more common in men than women with a 3:1 ratio. 2. Histopathologically, squamous cell carcinoma(83%) was the most prevalent oral cancer in this study. 3. The most common primary site was the tongue(6 cases, 25%) followed by the mouth floor (5 cases, 21%), buccal mucosa (3 cases, 13%), lower lip, mandible, palate (2 cases, respectively) and salivary gland, retromolar area, oropharynx, alveolus (1 case, each). 4. Three out of the 24 (13%) subjects had a recurrence at the primary sites. 5. Two out of 24 (8%) subjects had a distant metastasis. 6. All 24 patients survived and there were eleven patients who passed 5 years postoperatively. Conclusion: A conservative neck dissection is a reliable and effective method for controlling neck node metastases in patients with oral cancer of the N0 or N1 neck node without serious complications.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.165-175
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• 2012

Recently, accumulation of technology, transfer, absorption, and commercialization is being significantly recognized as a key factor for sustainable growth of the 21st century global economy. The government established "Technology Transfer and Commercialization Promotion Act" In order that the technology developed at public research institutions can be transferred to the private sector and commercialized; the technology developed in the private sector can be traded and commercialized. Also, the Article 14 of "Technology Transfer and Commercialization Promotion Act" is concerning technology transfer agents' registration, promotion, and support: it introduced the special status system of technology transfer agents and the government registers, manages, and supervises it. In most developed countries, the technology transfer agency is transferred to the private sector and it is referred as a technology transfer agent or technology broker. In the domestic market, despite the introduction of the above special status system and the building a various organization and transfer medium system for boosting the market's revitalization, some problems occurred; because the registration system of a technology transfer agent and legal basis and system about its following-up control fall short. For example, recently technology transfer-related performance exemption has brought the activation of technology transfer agent's registration, but there was the limit of selecting the expert above a certain level. Therefore, some countermeasures for this are urgent, In addition, through a compulsory training completion system before the technology trade agent registration is prepared, a short period of curriculum was not sufficient to provide applicants various specialized knowledge. In this research, it is considered about the reform of technology transfer agent through its comparative study in China and Korea. Some improvements are suggested for expanding the market of technology transfer commercialization, assuring the agents' service and strengthening the competitiveness.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.372-382
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• 2006

Most of the conventional breakwaters impermeable breakwaters which block seawater exchange between the outside and inside of the harbors. The blocking of seawater exchange may cause pollution of water in harbors. To solve the water pollution problem, various kinds of seawater exchange breakwaters have been proposed. Their types can be classified into the current type which uses tidal current, and the overtopping type which uses the wave energy. The overtopping type breakwaters require a discharge coefficient to calculate the rate of overtopping into the harbor. The present study is to compute the rate of overtopping with introduction of a correct discharge coefficient and to evaluate the effect of the overtopping type breakwater on the water qualify inside a harbor. The rate of overtopping was computed by using Forchheimer formula with time dependent mild-slope equation for various wave conditions. The formula has been generally used to calculate the overflow discharge in steady state river flows. The discharge coefficient, which is the key parameter of the calculation, was determined by a series of hydraulic model tests. The present scheme was applied to the seawater exchange section of the western breakwater of Jeju New Harbor's and the efficiency of that section was examined. The calculated results showed that the rate of overtopping into the harbor reached about $27.5m^3/s$ in the wave condition (wave height 3.7 m, wave period 8.5s, and wave direction NNW).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.1 s.56
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• pp.195-207
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• 1997

High price equipment is one of the major factors that increases national health expenditure in developed countries. Computerized Tomography(CT), one of the important high price equipment, has been concerns of health service researchers and policy makers in many countries. In Korea, CT, first introduced in 1984, have spreaded nationwide with rapid speed. Though the Committee for Approving Import of High Price Medical Equipment, founded in 1981, tried to regulate the introduction of high price medical equipment including CT, the effort resulted in failure. The exact situation of diffusion of the high price equipment, however, was not yet investigated. We aimed at the description of the diffusion of CT in Korea and analysis of influencing factors on hospitals for the adoption of CT. We mainly used the database of CT, made in 1996 by the National Federation of Medical Insurance for the purpose of insurance payment for CT. Also characteristics of hospitals were gathered from yearbooks published by the central and local governments and by the Korean Hospital Association. We calculated the cumulative number of the CT per one million population year by year. In turn, multiple linear logistic regression was done to find out the contributing factors for the adoption of CT by each hospital. In the logistic regression model, it is regarded as dependent factor whether a hospital retained CT or not in 1988 and 1993. The major categories of the independent factors were hospital characteristics, environmental factors and competitive conditions of hospitals at the period of the adoption. The results are as follows: Number of CT scanners per one million persons in Korea marked more higher level compared with those of most OECD countries. Major influencing factors on the adoption of CT scanners were hospital characteristics, such as hospital referral level, and competitive condition of hospitals, such as number of CT scanners per 10,000 persons in each district where the hospital was located. In Korea, CT diffused with rather rapid speed, comparable with those of the United States and Japan. The major factors contributing on the adoption of CT for hospitals were competitive condition and hospital characteristics rather than regional health care need for CT. In conclusion, a kind of regulating mechanism would be necessary for the prevention of the indiscreet adoption and inefficient use of high price equipment including CT.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2007

Introduction: Distraction osteogenesis is widely used as for bone lengthening in patients with maxillofacial deformity and alveolar bone atrophy. One of the major problems in distraction osteogenesis is long consolidation period for 2-3 months, in which the devices have to be fixed on the bone to prevent relapse. It results in scar formation on the face, disturbance of mastication and speech. This study was performed to evaluate the stimulating effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on the early bone consolidation in distraction osteogenesis. Materials and methods: Total 10 rabbit were used (5 for control group, 5 for experimental group). A vertical osteotomy in the mandibular body was performed and the distraction device was fixed. After 5 days distraction was done 1mm per a day for 7 days. A pulsed electromagnetic field (38 Gauss, 60 Hz) was applied for 8 hours per day and it continued for 5 days immediately after distraction in the experimental group. Both groups were sacrificed after 2 weeks. Histological specimens with H&E and Masson Trichrome staining were made and histomorphometrically analysed with image analyser. Results: The device for distraction osteogenesis was displaced in one animal for each group, therefore, only four animals in both groups were evaluated. In both groups, a new bone formation was observed in the distracted area after 2 weeks. The bone formation was enhanced in the experimental groups ($31.76{\pm}8.68%$) compared with control group ($9.94{\pm}3.23%$), its difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study suggests that electrical stimulation with electromagnectic field may be effective in the early bone formation after distraction osteogenesis. Further studies with large number of animals are needed before clinical application.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2003

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of calcium sulfate as a bone graft substitute in the treatment of benign bone tumor. Materials and Method: Between December 2000 and November 2001, 18 patients with a benign bone tumor were treated with crettage and the defects were filled with calcium sulfate (Osteoset$^{(R)}$:Wright Medical Co. USA) as a bone graft substitute. Average age was 28.4 years and mean follow up period was 12.3 months. Calcium sulfate mixed with autograft was used in 6 cases, calcium sulfate with allograft in 2 cases, and calcium sulfate alone was used in 10 cases. The degree of absorption of calcium sulfate and new bone formation at plain radiograph was analyzed at immediate postoperative and postoperative 3 months and 6 months follow up. Results: At 3 months postoperatively, 92% of calcium sulfate was absorbed, and at 6 months postoperatively, 89% of new bone formation was observed. There was no difference in the resorption and new bone formation between the group using bone graft and the group osteoset$^{(R)}$ alone, different preoperative diagnosis and even different locations. There was no complication. Conclusion: Calcium sulfate(Osteoset$^{(R)}$) is a safe and effective bone graft substitute in the treatment of benign bone tumors, especially for the children in whom autograft is not recommandable.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.34-54
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• 1995

Occupational health services in Korea have been operated as dual types: one is operated by occupational health care manager and the other is health care agency without their own personnel. The performance of occupational health service should be different due to the variety of characteristics of health care manager and workplace, qualification of health care manager. This study is to analyze performance of occupational health care services with a particular consideration of job, based on comparing those two types of health care management to show on the basic data for the settlement of more qualitative. health care management system at workplace. For this study, total 391 places in Seoul and Inchon city area: 154 places (39.4%) managed by designated. health care manager and 237 places (60.6%) by the agency with their commission are selected as research samples. Tools for data collection are questionnares have been investigated during the period of 20 September 1993-20 December 1993. Those data are compared with percentiles, mean, standard deviation due to the characterstics of each variable and analyzed for impacting factors with relation to the using multiple regression analysis using SPSS PC program, especially using t -test method in order to compare each type of health care management. Conclusions observed from the tests and each comparison could be summerized as follows : 1. Occupational health care have been accomplished at workplaces with designated people than with agencies people, and coverage rate of the occupational health care services has differences, due to management types. The reason of these results is due to visit only one or two times monthly by the agencies, while their own health care manager obsess, at the workplaces all the times. 2. The common sickness management is the most accomplished item in health care area of occupational health care services, while the preventive care and control for the workers who have serious health problems are insufficient in workers health care area. 3. An insufficient accomplishment of overall health education has been shown because it is difficult to perform health education due to almost no chance of the direct introduction at workplaces. Therefore a strong support system for making and supplying the media is necessary in order to activate indirect health education by means of media. 4. Because health care managers and the agencies managers where take the workplaces for this study are almost nurses who have been comparatively high work site rounding rate about an environmental management at the workplaces, that non-profession can also do it, the activities about the professional area not enough. Therefore, an appropriate referral system should be established in order to complement professional area. 5. Two factors which have an effect on the coverage rate of occupational health care services are : one is those from the workplaces such as type of services, the number of workers, the number of harzadous factors and safety & health committee, the other from health care organization about whether there is its own manager or not.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.180-186
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• 2020

ICT convergence using smart livestock is that in the first-generation dairy smart farm model, each device made by several manufacturers uses its own communication method, limiting the mutual operation of each device. This study uses a model based on open control technology to secure interoperability of existing ICT devices and to manage data efficiently. The open integrated control derived from this process is the software interface structure of Open API. It is an observer that serves as real-time data collection according to the communication method of ICT devices and sensors located at each end. It consists of a broker that connects and transmits to the upper integrated management server. As a result of the performance analysis through verification of two first-generation dairy smart farm model sites, the average daily milk production increased compared to the previous year (farm A 5.13%, farm B 1.33%, p<0.05). Cow days open (DO) was reduced by 17.5% on farm A and 13.3% for farm B(p<0.05). Cows require an adaptation period after the introduction of the ICT device, but if continuous effects are observed, the effect of production can be expected to increase gradually.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.16
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• pp.111-123
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• 1991

We suppose that Poback-cheok appeared with wearing clothes in the ancient times. At first, man used body as a scale, and it is gradually diversified with social development. It is clear that also in the time of Shilla-Dynasty, the United Shilla-Dynasty and the Goryeo-Dynasty, the system of degree existed in historical relation to that of China. But we don't know it's real length, because there is no recording until the beginning of the Yi-Dynasty. The first recording about Poback-cheok appeared in the time of the King Sejong. Hwangjong-Cheok which is a original vessel of the degree system appears in the 7th years of the King Sejong. In the 12th years of the King Sejong, Ju-cheok, Youngjo-cheok and Joyegi-cheok appeared. In the 13th years of the King Sejong, Poback-cheok appeared as a new changed one. At that time, the length of Poback-cheok is recorded as 44.75cm in chapter of Oye and Jonsoo Pobaek-cheok is recorded as 46.73cm in Jeonjesangjeongso's picture, and it is recorded as 46.80cm in the Kyunggugdaijeon. The scale system is put in good order in the time of King Sejong. But it is confused by the war of 1636 after King Seonjo period. In the 26 th year of King Youngjo, it is reappeared as one of the King Sejong, and it is fixed as 46.80cm. The length is used until the proclamation in the 6th years of the Kwangmu(1902), and then the length of Pobaek-cheok is changed as 48.48 cm, that is measured by a Gok-cheok. After that time, the scale system is very confused during the introduction of new civilization and the Korean-Japanes Unit. So it is used longer or shorter(that is, 49.24cm or 48.91cm). And the metric system is introduced by Japanes in 1926, and it reached the present time. According to use, the actual thing with is used in the end of the Yi-Dynasty is various from 30cm to 70cm. And according to material and craft-man, it can be devided into Hwa-gag scale, Najeon-blacklacquer-scale, bamboo-scale, wooden-scale. The way of expression of measure is always followed by the decimal system. The other half part, except the part of expression of graduation, is put on decorate with a pattern. Also we can see the idea of living on this point.