• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.461-472
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• 1994

The main purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of FIPS as an assessment tool for pain in children. The subject were 81 children whose ages ranged from 3 to 14 years old who were experiencing pain from an intramuscular injection. 40 were being seen in a local primary hospital and 41 in a university hospital. The data were collected in two settings at a 6 month interval, the first was on Nov. 5th 1991 in a local clinic by one doctor, the second was on May 1st. 1992 in a university hospital by two nurse. McGrath's(1985) face interval cards and weight box scale which is a numeral scale that contains from one to five boxes of cards were used as measures. To analyze the subject's ability to use the face scale and weight box scale, statistical frequency was employed. To determine the difference in the rated pain in-tensity on the face interval scale and the weight box, Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test were employed. To compare the difference in the rated pain intensity of the face interval scale and the weight box scale according to subject's general characteristics, X²-test was employed. The findings were as follows : 1. The subject's ages were from 3 to 14 with a mean age of 8.3 years old. There were 54(66.7%) male children and 27(33.3%) female children. 2. The number of subjects who correctly displayed cards ranging from none to severe pain was 66(81.5%) and the number who correctly compared two cards 3 times was 73(90.l％). 3. Correlation coefficients between each level card of the FIPS and WBS (Weight Box Scale) were r=.52∼.80 P<0.01. 4. There was no statistical difference in rating of the intensity on the FIPS and WBS.(t=1.12∼l.02, P<0.22∼0.45). 5. The differences in rating pain intensity according to the children's general characteristics were re-lated to age(X²=8.94, P<0.05), but not to sex (X²=0.23, P=0.80).

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1531-1536
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• 2022

This paper considers a problem to find a set of intervals containing all the points for the given n points and m intervals on a line, This is a special case of the set cover problem, well known as an NP-hard problem. As optimization criteria of the problem, there are minimizing the number of intervals to cover the points, maximizing the number of points each of which is covered by exactly one interval, and so on. In this paper, the intervals have weights and the sum of weights of intervals to cover a point is defined as a membership of the point. We will study the problem to find an interval cover minimizing the maximum of memberships of points. Using the dynamic programming method, we provide an O(m²)-time algorithm to improve the time complexity O(nm log n) given in the previous work.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.394-397
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• 2004

In this paper, we consider interval number-valued random variables and fuzzy number-valued random variables and discuss Choquet integrals of them. Using these properties, we define the Choquet expected value of fuzzy number-valued random variables which is a natural generalization of the Lebesgue expected value of Lebesgue expected value of fuzzy random variables. Furthermore, we discuss some application of them.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.315-323
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• 2023

First, we recall the results for prime-producing polynomials related to class number one problem of quadratic fields. Next, we give the relation between prime-producing cubic polynomials and class number one problem of the simplest cubic fields and then present the conjecture for the relations. Finally, we numerically compare the ratios producing prime values for several polynomials in some interval.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.293-305
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• 2005

This paper describes an improved Prony method in its speed, accuracy and reliability by efficiently determining the optimal sampling interval with use of DFT (discrete Fourier transformation). In the Prony method the computation time is dominated by the size of the linear prediction matrix, which is given by the number of data times the modeling order The size of the matrix in a general Prony method becomes large because of large number of data and so does the computation time. It is found that the Prony method produces satisfactory results when SNR is greater than three. The maximum sampling interval resulting minimum computation time is determined using the fact that the spectrum in DFT is inversely proportional to sampling interval. Also the process of computing the modes is made efficient by applying Hessenberg method to the companion matrix with complex shift and computing selectively only the dominant modes of interest. The proposed method is tested against the 2003 KEPCO system and found to be efficient and reliable. The proposed method may play a key role in monitoring in real time low frequency oscillations of power systems .

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2017

Numerical simulations of ship resistance have been performed to compare spatial characteristics of Courant number when using structured and unstructured meshes. When Euler scheme was used for time integration, the structured mesh provided a more efficient calculation because the calculation time interval was larger than that of unstructured mesh. The automatic generation of very small meshes in the unstructured mesh was mainly responsible for the limitation of calculation time interval. When local time stepping Euler scheme was applied, however, the ship resistance of unstructured mesh showed a rapid convergence while a slow convergence of ship resistance in structured mesh was caused by the small time interval in bulbous bow.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.38-50
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• 2018

Spatio-temporal load forecasting (STLF) is a foundation for building the prediction-based power map, which could be a useful tool for the visualization and tendency assessment of urban energy application. Constructing one point-forecasting model for each electricity cell in the geographic space is possible; however, it is unadvisable and insufficient, considering the aggregation features of electricity cells and uncertainties in input variables. This paper presents a new STLF method, with a data-driven framework consisting of 3 subroutines: multi-level clustering of cells considering their aggregation features, load regression for each category of cells based on SLS-SVRNs (sparse least squares support vector regression networks), and interval forecasting of spatio-temporal load with sampled blind number. Take some area in Pudong, Shanghai as the region of study. Results of multi-level clustering show that electricity cells in the same category are clustered in geographic space to some extent, which reveals the spatial aggregation feature of cells. For cellular load regression, a comparison has been made with 3 other forecasting methods, indicating the higher accuracy of the proposed method in point-forecasting of spatio-temporal load. Furthermore, results of interval load forecasting demonstrate that the proposed prediction-interval construction method can effectively convey the uncertainties in input variables.

• Journal of the Korea Management Engineers Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.87-103
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• 2018

This paper introduces the method to develop two main types of the fuzzy OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) models via triangular membership function for measuring uncertainty. The fuzzy OEE includes model type 1 and model type 2. The model type 1 is used when the theoretical machine speed only reflects the time loss whereas model type 2 is used when the actual machine speed reflects both time and speed loss. Model type 2 has shown to perform a lower availability rate and a higher performance rate compared to model type 1. In addition, the fuzzy UPH (Unit Per Hour) which is derived from using the fuzzy OEE is presented to satisfy demand uncertainty. The fuzzy UPH can easily measure the fuzzy tact time and cycle time by reciprocating itself. Finally, this study demonstrates the fuzzy OEE models using IVIFS (Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set) based on the characterization via membership function, non-membership function and hesitant function. For the purpose of analyzing the fuzzy system OEE, the OEE for each machine of plant structure is considered triangular interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy number. Regardless of plant structure, the validity degree of fuzzy membership function of system OEE decreases when the number of machine with worst value of the validity degree increases. Corresponding examples are presented in this paper for practitioner to understand the applicability and practicability of the proposed fuzzy OEE methods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 1999

Production and reproduction data of 47 Nili-Ravi buffaloes (162 records) were analyzed with regression techniques. Average lactation milk yield was $2,020.04{\pm}44.59$ liters, lactation length $277.42{\pm}5.70$ d and calving interval $467.10{\pm}11.58$ d. The ranges for these parameters respectively were : 609-3591 lit, 122-614 d and 228-982 d. Year of calving and lactation length had significant effect on total milk yield (p < 0.01), whereas other factors such as month of calving, lactation number and calving interval had no effect on total lactation milk yield. Year of calving had influenced significantly other traits (p < .01) such as calving interval and lactations completed. This indicated considerable environment role in buffalo productivity. Effect of month of calving on total lactation milk yield and other traits was however, found to be non-significant. Nili-Ravi buffaloes produced maximum milk during their first three lactations as compared to subsequent lactations. Regression model explained 40 percent variation in total lactation milk yield due to factors analyzed : animal (dam), year and month of calving lactation length and calving interval.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.161-164
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• 1999

Dairy performances of Pabna cows and its crossbreds with Sahiwal (SL) and Friesian (F) in the Baghabarighat dairying area of Bangladesh were evaluated. Four SL and three F sires were used for the crossbreeding. The exotic sire effect of individuals on their daughters were also evaluated in this study. It showed that the genetic group had a significant (p<0.05) effect on birth weight, age at first heat, calving interval, lactation length and lactation yield. The lowest birth weight (17.9 kg), longest age at first heat (39.2 m) and calving interval (16.3 m) shortest lactation length (199 d) and lowest lactation yield (728 L) were found in Pabna cows. The highest birth weight (22.5 kg). shortest age at first heat (25.5 m) and calving interval (13.7 m), longest lactation length (253 d) and highest lactation yield (1936 L) were found in the F crossbreds. Within the same breed, the effect of individual sire was significant (p<0.05) on age at first heat, lactation length and lactation yield. Individual sire effects of SL bulls differed significantly (p<0.05) but F sires had a non-significant (p>0.05) effect on calving interval in their progeny. The fat % and SNF % in milk and number of services required for conception did not differ (p>0.05) among inter-and intra- breed sire groups.