• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.635-644
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• 2019

Background: To increase the pharmacological effects of red ginseng (RG, the steamed root of Panax ginseng Meyer), RG products modified by heat process or fermentation have been developed. However, the antiallergic effects of RG and modified/fermented RG have not been simultaneously examined. Therefore, we examined the allergic rhinitis (AR)-inhibitory effects of water-extracted RG (wRG), 50% ethanol-extracted RG (eRG), and bifidobacteria-fermented eRG (fRG) in vivo. Methods: RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate/A23187. Mice with AR were prepared by treatment with ovalbumin. Allergic markers IgE, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5 were assayed in the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and colon using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations were assayed using a flow cytometer. Results: RG products potently inhibited IL-4 expression in phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate/A23187-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Of tested RG products, fRG most potently inhibited IL-4 expression. RG products also alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Of these, fRG most potently reduced nasal allergy symptoms and blood IgE levels. fRG treatment also reduced IL-4 and IL-5 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and reduced mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations. Furthermore, treatment with fRG reduced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in the colon and restored ovalbumin-suppressed Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria populations and ovalbumin-induced Firmicutes population in gut microbiota. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd significantly alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Conclusion: fRG and ginsenoside Rd may alleviate AR by suppressing IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 expression and restoring the composition of gut microbiota.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.18.1-18.7
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• 2022

According to long-term projections, by 2030, the world's population is predicted to reach 7.5 billion individuals, and there will be roughly 27 million new cancer cases diagnosed. The global burden of breast cancer (BC) is expected to rise. According to the Ministry of Health-Iraqi Cancer Registry, cancer is the second largest cause of death after cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the interleukin-18 (IL18) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -607C/A rs1946518 and -137G/C rs187238 using the sequence-specific amplification-polymerase chain reaction approach. Regarding the position -607C/A, there was a highly significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies in patients and controls (χ² = 3.16 and χ² = 16.5), respectively. The AA and CA genotypes were associated with significantly increased BC risk (odds ratio [OR], 3.68; p = 0.004 and OR, 2.83; p = 0.04, respectively). Women with the A allele had a 5.03-fold increased susceptibility to BC. The C allele may be a protective allele against BC (OR, 0.19). Although position -137G/C showed no significant differences in the CC genotype distribution (p = 0.18), the frequency of the CC genotype was significantly higher in patients than in controls. In contrast, patients had a significantly higher frequency of GC genotypes than controls (p = 0.04), which was associated with an increased risk of developing BC (OR, 2.63). The G allele frequency was significantly lower in patients than in controls (55.0% vs. 76.2%, respectively). This SNP may be considered a common genotype in the Iraqi population, with the wild-type G allele having a protective function (OR, 0.19) and the mutant C allele having an environmental effect (OR, 2.63).

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.15-28
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was designed to examine the anti-cancer activity by innate immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory effects of liriopis tuber water extract (LPE). Methods: Cell cytotoxicity was tested with 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells, spleen cells, macrophage, and RAW264.7 cells. To investigate innate immunomodulating effects of LPE on macrophage, we measured tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). To investigate innate immunomodulating effects of LPE on RAW264.7 cell, we measured TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured after treating with LPE to observe innate immunomodulating effect of LPE on RAW264.7 cell. Also, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were examined by western blot analysis. Results: In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, LPE affected tumor cell growth above specific concentration. As compared with the control group, the production of TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-10 were increased in macrophage. As compared with the control group, the production of TNF-α and IL-6 were increased in RAW 264.7 cell. The expression of TNF-α and NO induced by LPS after treating LPE was decreased. In addition, treatment of RAW 264.7 cell with LPE increased the phosphorylation levels of p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), p-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and p-p38. Conclusions: LPE might have impact on the anti-cancer effect by activation of innate immune system and inflammation control.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.859-876
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• 2023

It is known that animal-origin medicine could be one of effective treatment to remedy atopic dermatitis (AD) by controlling the cytokines. Cicadidae Periostracum (CP), the slough of Cryptotympana pustulata, has been frequently used for treating AD and skin affliction in traditional Korean Medicine. This study is aimed at investigating the ameliorating effects of CP on AD and its potential mechanism. The dinitrochlorobenzene sensitized mice were treated with CP for 2 weeks. The various biomarkers and the dermatitis scores presented that CP treatment can induce the visual and biological improvements of AD model. Pruritus, the most serious symptom of AD, which can cause repeated scratching behaviors and finally lead to lichenification, was reduced with CP treatment by regulating the inflammatory reactions. In addition, CP treatment diminished the number of mast cells that are known for causing inflammatory reactions. Moreover, it is proven that CP can decline secretion of interleukin-22, which means CP treatment has anti-inflammatory effects. CP treatment can correct the imbalance of helper T (Th)1 and Th2, downregulating thymic stromal lymphopoietin that leads to decrease of mRNA level of inflammatory cytokines. The crucial role of CP treatment is controlling of the Janus kinase 1/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway. In addition, CP treatment has the inhibitory effects on kallikrein related peptidase (KLK) 5 and KLK7. Taken together, CP treatment can ameliorate most symptoms and problems caused by AD disease, improving the AD patients' life quality.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.300-309
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• 2001

Background : Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by a systemic inflammatory and hemodynamic response to severe bacterial infections that involve various mediators. Endothelin (ET)-1, a potent vasoconstrictor is associated with mu1tiple organ failure, and interleukin (IL)-8, a proinflammtory cytokine, plays a major role in neurophil activation. Both have been reported to be useful parameters in the clinical assessment of sepsis. The levels of ET-1 and IL-8 in the blood were measured in patients with sepsis, and the correlation of both parameters and their relationship with the clinical data was assessed. Methods : 19 sepsis patients and 17 controls were studied. Blood samples of the sepsis patients were drawn in day 1, 3, 7, and 14. The APACHE III scores were calculated in concurrent days. The ET-1 and IL-8 levels were measured using immunoassay methods. Results : The ET-1 levels of patients with sepsis were significantly higher than in the controls. In patients with sepsis, non-survivors had higher ET-1 levels than survivors on day 1 and 7, and patients with shock also had higher ET-1 levels than normotensive patients on admission. The ET-1 levels were significantly correlated with the creatinine levels on day 1, 7, and 14. The IL-8 levels showed a significant correlation with the ET-1 levels on day 14. Conclusion : ET-1 was found to be closely related with the clinical outcome, shock, and renal failure, and showed a correlation with IL-8. These mediators can be considered not only to play pathophysiologic roles but also as useful parameters in the clinical assessment of sepsis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.sup2
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• pp.409-426
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• 2007

세균성 치태는 치은의 염증과 치주 조직 파괴를 동반하는 치주염의 주요한 인자로서 치주 조직 건강을 유지하기 위하여 적절한 치태 조절이 필요하다. 본 논문의 목적은 12주 동안 만성 초기 및 중등도 치주염 환자에서 치은염에 대한 임상 지수의 감소, interleukin-6 (IL-6) 농도와 치주질환 원인균인 Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans)에 대한 소니케어 전동 칫솔의 효과를 일반 칫솔과 비교해 보고자 하는 데 있다. 총 82명의 환자를 선택하였으며, 30명은 일반 칫솔, 52명은 소니케어 전동 칫솔 군으로 분류하여 칫솔질 교육을 실시하였다. 전악을 전치부와 구치부로 나누어 초진, 1, 4, 12주에서의 치태, 치은 지수 및 탐침 시 출혈 여부를 조사하였으며, 가장 깊은 치주낭 탐침을 보이는 치아 3개를 선택하여 탐침 깊이와 부착 정도를 측정하였고, 선택된 치아에서 초진, 1, 12주에 채취된 샘플을 통해 치은열구액 내의 IL-6 농도와 P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans의 CT값을 추가적으로 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1 소니케어 전동 칫솔과 일반 칫솔군 모두 치은 염증을 나타내는 임상 지수 (치태지수, 치은지수, 탐침 시 출혈)는 12주 기간 동안 유의한 감소 (p<0.05)를 보였으나, 전동 칫솔 군에서 통계학적으로 더욱 유의하게 (p<0.05) 나타났다. 2. 전치부를 제외한 구치부 치아에서 소니케어 전동 칫솔군은 12주 기간 동안 탐침 시 출혈의 감소가 통계학적으로 유의하게 (p<0.05) 나타났다. 3. 가장 깊은 치주낭 탐침 깊이를 보이는 3개의 선택된 치아에서 치주낭 탐침 깊이와 부착 정도는 두 군 모두 초진에 비해 유의한 감소 (p<0.05)를 보였다. 퍼센트 변화 비교에서 치주낭 탐침 깊이는 소니케어 전동 칫솔군이 $18.47{\pm}10.05%$, 일반 칫솔군이 $14.19{\pm}8.16%$로, 부착 정도는 소니케어 전동 칫솔군이 $24.26{\pm}12.51%$, 일반 칫솔군이 $15.65{\pm}9.92%$로 각각 나타났으나, 군 간 통계적 유의차는 보이지 않았다. 4. 치은열구액의 IL-6 농도는 두 군 모두 12주 기간 동안 통계적으로 유의한 감소 (p<0.05)를 나타내었다. 퍼센트 변화 비교에서 전동 칫솔군은 51%, 일반 칫솔군은 37%로 각각 나타났으나, 군 간 통계적 유의차는 보이지 않았다. 5. Prevotella intermedia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans의 관찰에서 두 군 모두 유의한 차이는 없었다. 위 결과를 통해 본 연구에서는 소니케어 전동 칫솔의 사용이 일반 칫솔에 비하여 만성 초기 및 중등도 치주염 환자에서 치태의 제거, 치은 염증 및 임상 지수의 감소에 유의한 효과가 있으며 IL-6의 감소 경향에도 효과가 있음을 관찰하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.126-133
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• 2014

Purpose: Smokeless tobacco-based oral-use products like gutka are popular in India. Gutka usage leads to increased periodontal destruction and inflammation; however, the relevant mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of gutka in periodontitis by examining its effect on the levels of interleukin (IL) $1{\beta}$ and IL-8 from the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Methods: A total of 45 patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty patients with periodontitis (15 gutka chewers [GCP] and 15 nongutka chewers [NGC]) and 15 periodontally healthy controls (HC) were selected. The full-mouth plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and recession (RC) were recorded. The IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-8 levels in the GCF of all subjects were assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Quantikine). Results: The IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-8 levels were not significantly higher in the GCP group (IL-$1{\beta}$, $369.01{\pm}273.44{\mu}L$; IL-8, $205.97{\pm}196.78{\mu}L$) as compared to those in the NGC group (IL-$1{\beta}$, $195.57{\pm}96.85{\mu}L$; IL-8, $178.61{\pm}149.35{\mu}L$). More gingival RC and loss of attachment was seen among the GCP group (RC: $2.02{\pm}0.31$, P=0.013; CAL: $4.60{\pm}0.56$, P<0.001) than among the NGC group (RC, $1.21{\pm}1.15$; CAL, $3.70{\pm}0.32$); however, PD was deeper among the NGC subjects (P=0.002). PI and GI were significantly higher for the periodontitis group (P<0.001) when compared to the HC, but there was no difference among gutka chewers and non-chewers (P=0.22 and P=0.89). A positive correlation was found between the IL-8 levels and the duration of gutka chewing (r=-0.64, P<0.01). Conclusions: Gutka chewing leads to increased gingival RC and clinical loss of attachment. There was no effect seen in the proinflammatory cytokine levels in the GCF of gutka users.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.521-528
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• 2023

Objective: This study investigated the effects of surgical castration on behavior, physiological and inflammatory indicators, and leukocyte cytokine mRNA levels in Korean cattle bull calves. Methods: Nineteen Korean cattle bull calves (average body weight, 254.5 kg; average age, 8.2 months) were divided into two treatment groups: control (n = 9) and castration (n = 10). Surgical castration was performed using Newberry knives and a Henderson castrating tool. Blood was obtained just before castration (0 h) and at 0.5 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, and 14 d after castration. Plasma cortisol (PC), saliva cortisol (SC), plasma substance P, and plasma haptoglobin concentrations, and the leucocyte mRNA levels of the interleukin-1-alpha (IL1A), interleukin-1-beta (IL1B), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), and interleukin-6 (IL6) genes were analyzed. Results: Castration decreased (p<0.01) the average daily gain and gain/feed ratio. Castration reduced the time spent eating (p<0.001) and the eating frequency (p<0.01) and increased (p<0.001) the lying frequency. Castration temporarily increased (p<0.05) circulating PC and SC concentrations at 0.5 h after castration. Castration temporarily increased (p<0.05) plasma substance P concentrations at 1 d after castration. Castration increased (p<0.05) plasma haptoglobin concentrations at 1 and 3 d after castration. Castration increased (p<0.05) leukocyte mRNA levels of the IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, and IL6 genes at 6 h after castration. Conclusion: Castration temporarily induced stress and expression of leucocyte inflammatory cytokine genes in Korean cattle bull calves.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.139-143
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• 2009

The anaphylactic allergic reaction is involved in many allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. In this report, I investigated the effect of ripe fruits of Rubus coreanus Miq. (Rosaceae) (RFRC) on the anaphylactic allergic reaction and studied its possible mechanisms of action. RFRC inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylactic reaction in mice. RFRC dose-dependently decreased the IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. In addition, RFRC decreased the gene expression and production of tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and interleukin (IL)-6 in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187 (A23187)-stimulated human mast cells. These findings provide evidence that RFRC could be a candidate as an anti-allergic agent.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.354-360
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• 2022

This research was designed to evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory effects of Carex scabrifolia Steud. extract using RAW264.7 cells. The assessments of these effects were based on cell viability assay, mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and levels of nitric oxide (NO)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) production. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that treatment with C. scabrifolia Steud. extract decreased the mRNA levels of iNOS, COX2, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα. Furthermore, from the production levels of PGE₂/NO, it can be inferred that C. scabrifolia Steud. extract exhibited anti-inflammatory properties. These results suggest that C. scabrifolia Steud. extract contains anti-inflammatory compound(s), and consequently, that it may have applications as a potent cosmeceutical material.