• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.182-190
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• 2015

본 연구는 홍삼추출물(홍삼단)과 생약복합추출물(헤모힘)이 주요 기능성분은 다르지만 면역활성이라는 생리활성 측면에서 동일한 효과를 인정하고 있어서 이들의 병용 처리가 면역세포에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 면역활성능에 관한 평가를 진행하기 위하여 마우스의 골수에서 분리한 미분화 골수세포를 선천면역에서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 대식세포 및 수지상세포로 분화시킨 후 홍삼추출물과 생약복합추출물을 병용 처리하였을 때 대식세포 및 수지상세포의 세포 증식능 및 사이토카인의 분비능이 증가되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 활성화된 탐식(면역)세포의 세포 표면에서 발현되는 CD80과 CD86의 발현과 탐식(면역)세포의 항원제시에 밀접한 관련이 있는 주 조직적합성 복합체(MHC class II)의 발현이 홍삼추출물과 생약복합추출물의 병용 처리구에서 유의적으로 증가되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 후천면역에서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 면역 T 세포가 다량으로 분포하는 비장 조직으로부터 비장세포를 분리하여 홍삼추출물과 생약복합추출물을 병용처리하였을 때 세포 증식능 및 면역활성을 유도하는 Th1 세포가 분비하는 사이토카인의 함량이 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 홍삼추출물과 생약복합 추출물의 병용 처리는 선천면역뿐만 아니라 후천면역에 관여하는 다양한 면역세포의 활성화에 직 간접적으로 다양한 상승작용을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.261-266
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• 2018

만성C형 간염환자 160예를 대상으로 immunoblot방법과 RT-PCR-hybridization법을 실시하여 임상검사의 유용성을 알아보았다. 양성 150예 중 133예만 RT-PCR-hybridization 법에서 양성을 나타내어 immunoblot법의 진양성율은 88.6%를 나타났으며 두 방법 간의 일치율은 89.3%를 나타났다. 한국인의 HCV 아형을 알기 위하여 혈청형과 유전형을 실시하였다. HCV혈청형 1형과 2형 그리고 1b와 2a유전형이 가장 많은 C형간염 감염원으로 나타났다. 49예를 혈청형과 유전형을 서로 비교한 결과, 혈청형 검사에서 28예(57.1%)가 1형, 21예(42.9%)가 2형으로 나타났으며 유전자형 검사에서 1b형이 25예(51.0%), 1b/2b를 나타낸 예가 1예(2.0%), 2a형이 17예(34.7%), 2a/2c를 나타낸 예가 4예(8.2%), 그리고 2b형이 2예(4.1%)로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 HCV 간이검출법으로는 immunoblot방법이 유용하며, immunoblot방법 양성 확진검사로는 RT-PCR-hybridization법을 실시하였다. 혈청형이 C형간염의 치료 나 진행과정을 관찰하기 위해서는 유전형보다 유용하나 인터페론 치료효과는 1형과 2형 혈청형별에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7045-7056
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• 2013

Since the first report of RNA interference (RNAi) less than a decade ago, this type of molecular intervention has been introduced to repress gene expression in vitro and also for in vivo studies in mammals. Understanding the mechanisms of action of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) underlies use as therapeutic agents in the areas of cancer and viral infection. Recent studies have also promoted different theories about cell-specific targeting of siRNAs. Design and delivery strategies for successful treatment of human diseases are becomingmore established and relationships between miRNA and RNAi pathways have been revealed as virus-host cell interactions. Although both are well conserved in plants, invertebrates and mammals, there is also variabilityand a more complete understanding of differences will be needed for optimal application. RNA interference (RNAi) is rapid, cheap and selective in complex biological systems and has created new insight sin fields of cancer research, genetic disorders, virology and drug design. Our knowledge about the role of miRNAs and siRNAs pathways in virus-host cell interactions in virus infected cells is incomplete. There are different viral diseases but few antiviral drugs are available. For example, acyclovir for herpes viruses, alpha-interferon for hepatitis C and B viruses and anti-retroviral for HIV are accessible. Also cancer is obviously an important target for siRNA-based therapies, but the main problem in cancer therapy is targeting metastatic cells which spread from the original tumor. There are also other possible reservations and problems that might delay or even hinder siRNA-based therapies for the treatment of certain conditions; however, this remains the most promising approach for a wide range of diseases. Clearly, more studies must be done to allow efficient delivery and better understanding of unwanted side effects of siRNA-based therapies. In this review miRNA and RNAi biology, experimental design, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects are discussed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1071-1077
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• 2017

A rise in the occurrence of allergic diseases is attributed to the dysregulated balance of type 1/type 2 immunity, where type 2 T-helper (Th2) cells predominate over type 1 T-helper (Th1) cells, leading to an abnormally increased production of IgE in response to unharmful antigens. Kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented food, is a rich source of beneficial lactic acid bacteria. In this study, we investigated the ability of Enterococcus faecium FC-K derived from kimchi to induce type I immunity in the presence of Th2 polarizing conditions in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation of mouse peritoneal macrophages with E. faecium FC-K induced the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-12. Under the in vitro Th2 conditions in which splenic T cells were activated in the presence of IL-4, E. faecium FC-K enhanced the ability of T cells to produce interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$. Using the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergy model, male BALB/c mice receiving E. faecium FC-K reduced the serum level of total IgE, but not that of OVA-specific IgE. Furthermore, the population of activated splenic B cells during OVA immunization was decreased in E. faecium FC-K-treated mice, accounting for a reduction of total IgE in the serum. Restimulating splenocytes from OVA-immunized mice with OVA ex vivo resulted in an increased production of $IFN-{\gamma}$, with no effect on IL-4, in E. faecium FC-K-treated mice. These observations provide the evidence that E. faecium FC-K can be a beneficial probiotic strain that can modulate the Th2-mediated pathologic response.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3961-3968
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• 2015

Background: Variants of human papillomavirus (HPV) show more oncogenicity than do prototypes. The HPV16 Asian variant (HPV16As) plays a major role in cervical cancer of Asian populations. Some amino acid changes in the E6 protein of HPV16 variants affect E6 functions such as p53 interaction and host immune surveillance. This study aimed to investigate activities of HPV16As E6 protein on modulation of expression of miRNA-21 as well as interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) 1, 3, 7 and c-fos. Materials and Methods: Vectors expressing E6 protein of HPV16As (E6D25E) or HPV16 prototype (E6Pro) were constructed and transfected into C33A cells. HCK1T cells expressing E6D25E or E6Pro were established by transducing retrovirus-containing E6D25E or 16E6Pro. The E6AP-binding activity of E6 and proliferation of the transfected C33A cells were determined. MiR-21 and mRNA of interesting genes were detected in the transfected C33A cells and/or the HCK1T cells, with or without treatment by culture medium from HeLa cells (HeLa-CM). Results: E6D25E showed binding activity with E6AP similar to that of E6Pro. Interestingly, E6D25E showed a higher activity of miR-21 induction than did E6Pro in C33A cells expressing E6 protein. This result was similar to the HCK1T cells expressing E6 protein, with HeLa-CM treatment. The miR-21 up-regulation significantly corresponded to its target expression. Different levels of expression of IRFs were also observed in the HCK1T cells expressing E6 protein. Interestingly, when treated with HeLa-CM, IRFs 1, 3 and 7 as well as c-fos were significantly suppressed in the HCK1T cells expressing E6D25E, whereas those in the HCK1T cells expressing E6Pro were induced. A similar situation was seen for IFN-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\beta}$. Conclusions: E6D25E of the HPV16As variant differed from the E6 prototype in its activities on epigenetic modulation and immune surveillance and this might be a key factor for the important role of this variant in cervical cancer progression.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 2016

본 연구는 꾸지뽕 잎으로부터 추출된 다당류인 CTP의 처리가 면역세포의 활성에 미치는 영향에 관하여 평가하였다. CTP는 에탄올 침전법에 의하여 추출하였고, 면역 활성능의 평가는 대식세포주인 RAW 264.7 세포와 미분화 골수세포로부터 유도 분화시킨 대식세포 및 마우스 비장으로부터 유리시킨 비장세포에 CTP를 농도별로 처리하여 관찰하였다. 선천면역계에서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 대식세포에 CTP를 처리하였을 때 세포 증식률, NO 및 cytokine 분비능이 CTP 처리 농도 의존적으로 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었을 뿐만 아니라 비장세포에서도 이와 유사하게 세포 증식률이 증가하고 Th 1 type의 cytokine 분비능 또한 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어보아 꾸지뽕다당류 추출물인 CTP는 다양한 면역세포의 활성을 증가시키는 것으로 생각하며 이를 활용하여 다양한 식품 및 건강보조식품을 개발한다면 그 경제적 가치가 매우 클 것으로 생각한다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제81권1호
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• pp.80-87
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• 2018

Background: Asthma is a disease of chronic airway inflammation with heterogeneous features. Neutrophilic asthma is corticosteroid-insensitive asthma related to absence or suppression of $T_H2$ process and increased $T_H1$ and/or $T_H17$ process. Macrolides are immunomodulatory drug that reduce airway inflammation, but their role in asthma is not fully known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of macrolides in neutrophilic asthma and compare their effects with those of corticosteroids. Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Clarithromycin (CAM) and/or dexamethasone (DXM) were administered at days 14, 15, 21, 22, and 23. At day 24, the mice were sacrificed. Results: Airway resistance in the OVA+LPS exposed mice was elevated but was more attenuated after treatment with CAM+DXM compared with the monotherapy group (p<0.05 and p<0.01). In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid study, total cells and neutrophil counts in OVA+LPS mice were elevated but decreased after CAM+DXM treatment. In hematoxylin and eosin stain, the CAM+DXM-treated group showed less inflammation additively than the monotherapy group. There was less total protein, interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon ${\gamma}$, and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ in the CAM+DXM group than in the monotherapy group (p<0.001, p<0.05, and p<0.001). More histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity was recovered in the DXM and CAM+DXM challenged groups than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Decreased IL-17 and recovered relative HDAC2 activity correlated with airway resistance and inflammation in a neutrophilic asthma mouse model. This result suggests macrolides as a potential corticosteroid-sparing agent in neutrophilic asthma.

• Mycobiology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.297-311
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• 2017

Saprolegniasis is one of the most devastating oomycete diseases in freshwater fish which is caused by species in the genus Saprolegnia including Saprolegnia parasitica. In this study, we isolated the strain of S. parasitica from diseased rainbow trout in Korea. Morphological and molecular based identification confirmed that isolated oomycete belongs to the member of S. parasitica, supported by its typical features including cotton-like mycelium, zoospores and phylogenetic analysis with internal transcribed spacer region. Pathogenicity of isolated S. parasitica was developed in embryo, juvenile, and adult zebrafish as a disease model. Host-pathogen interaction in adult zebrafish was investigated at transcriptional level. Upon infection with S. parasitica, pathogen/antigen recognition and signaling (TLR2, TLR4b, TLR5b, NOD1, and major histocompatibility complex class I), pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin $[IL]-1{\beta}$, tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8, interferon ${\gamma}$, IL-12, and IL-10), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP9 and MMP13), cell surface molecules ($CD8^+$ and $CD4^+$) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase) related genes were differentially modulated at 3- and 12-hr post infection. As an anti-Saprolegnia agent, plant based lawsone was applied to investigate on the susceptibility of S. parasitica showing the minimum inhibitory concentration and percentage inhibition of radial growth as $200{\mu}g/mL$ and 31.8%, respectively. Moreover, natural lawsone changed the membrane permeability of S. parasitica mycelium and caused irreversible damage and disintegration to the cellular membranes of S. parasitica. Transcriptional responses of the genes of S. parasitica mycelium exposed to lawsone were altered, indicating that lawsone could be a potential anti-S. parasitica agent for controlling S. parasitica infection.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2014

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play an important role in impairing the function of T cells. We characterized MDSCs in two chronic hepatitis C (CHC) cohorts: a cross-sectional group that included 61 treatment-naive patients with CHC, 14 rapid virologic response (RVR) cases and 22 early virologic response (EVR) cases; and a longitudinal group of 13 cases of RVR and 10 cases of EVR after pegylated-interferon-${\alpha}$/ribavirin treatment for genotype 1b HCV infection. Liver samples from 32 CHC patients and six healthy controls were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. MDSCs frequency in treatment-naive CHC was significantly higher than in RVR, EVR, or healthy subjects and was positively correlated with HCV RNA. Patients infected with HCV genotype 2a had a significantly higher frequency of MDSCs than those infected with genotype 1b. Decreased T cell receptor (TCR) ${\zeta}$ expression on $CD8^+$ T cells was significantly associated with an increased frequency of MDSCs in treatment-naive CHC patients and was restored by L-arginine treatment in vitro. Increased numbers of liver arginase-$1^+$ cells were closely associated with the histological activity index in CHC. The TCR ${\zeta}$ chain was significantly downregulated on hepatic $CD8^+$ T cells in CHC. During antiviral follow up, MDSCs frequency in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was directly correlated with the HCV RNA load in the plasma and inversely correlated with TCR ${\zeta}$ chain expression in $CD8^+$ T cells in both RVR and EVR cases. Notably, the RVR group had a higher frequency of MDSCs at baseline than the EVR group. Collectively, this study provides evidence that MDSCs might be associated with HCV persistence and downregulation of CD8 ${\zeta}$ chain expression.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.445-451
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• 2016

본 연구는 고사리 및 취나물과 같은 산채가 첨가된 된장 및 일반 된장의 면역 활성을 비교하기 위하여 선천면역계의 대표적인 세포인 대식세포와 적응면역계에서 중추적인 역할을 수행하는 비장세포에 각각 산채첨가 된장 추출물(WPDJ) 및 일반 된장(DJ) 추출물을 처리하여 각각의 면역세포의 세포증식률과 사이토카인 분비능에 미치는 영향에 관하여 측정하여 보았다. 대식세포 및 비장세포에 WPDJ 및 DJ를 125, 250 및 $500{\mu}g/mL$의 농도로 처리하였을 때 두 추출물 모두 대식세포 및 비장세포에 대한 세포독성을 유발하지 않았으며, 농도 의존적으로 세포증식률을 증가시키는 것으로 관찰되었다. 대식세포의 사이토카인의 분비능에 관하여 알아본 결과 WPDJ 처리구에서 더 높게 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 마우스 비장에서 유리된 비장세포에 WPDJ 및 DJ를 125, 250 및 $500{\mu}g/mL$의 농도로 처리하였을 때 Th1 type의 사이토카인인 IL-2와 IFN-${\gamma}$의 분비능은 유의적으로 증가한 반면, 알레르기를 유도하는 것으로 알려진 Th2 type의 사이토카인인 IL-4의 생성에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 관찰되었다. 따라서 산채를 첨가하여 제조한 된장은 일반 된장보다 면역 활성을 더 높게 증가시키는 것으로 생각한다.