• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.268-276
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• 2010

Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Law was activated into force on March 2009. By the law, the obligation to monitor the effect of earthquake on the facilities was extended to many organizations such as gas company and local governments. Based on the estimation of National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), the number of free-surface acceleration stations would be expanded to more than 400. The advent of internet protocol and the more simplified operation have allowed the quick and easy installation of seismic stations. In addition, the dynamic range of seismic instruments has been continuously improved enough to evaluate damage intensity and to alert alarm directly for earthquake hazard mitigation. For direct visualization of damage intensity and area, Real Time Intensity COlor Mapping (RTICOM) is explained in detail. RTICOM would be used to retrieve the essential information for damage evaluation, Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). Destructive earthquake damage is usually due to surface waves which just follow S wave. The peak amplitude of surface wave would be pre-estimated from the amplitude and frequency content of first arrival P wave. Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system is conventionally defined to estimate local magnitude from P wave. The status of EEW is reviewed and the application of EEW to Odesan earthquake is exampled with ShakeMap in order to make clear its appearance. In the sense of rapidity, the earthquake announcement of Korea Meteorological Agency (KMA) might be dramatically improved by the adaption of EEW. In order to realize hazard mitigation, EEW should be applied to the local crucial facilities such as nuclear power plants and fragile semi-conduct plant. The distributed EEW is introduced with the application example of Uljin earthquake. Not only Nation-wide but also locally distributed EEW applications, all relevant information is needed to be shared in real time. The plan of extension of Korea Integrated Seismic System (KISS) is briefly explained in order to future cooperation of data sharing and utilization.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.250-258
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding systems on feed intake, weight gain, and fawn performance (Cervus canadensis) and estimation of grazing intensity in Elk doe at pasture. A sixteen Elk doe about 236.2 kg were randomly assigned to two feeding treatments. The treatment consisted of a barn feeding system (BF) and grazing at pasture (GR), and pasture was mainly composed of tall fescue, orchard grass, and Kentucky bluegrass. The moisture content of pasture was 19.51~22.61%, which was similar during experimental periods. The crude protein content was significantly higher from June to July (p<0.05). The contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber ranged 53.65~60.18%, and 26.08~29.10%, respectively. There were no significant differences between feeding systems on supplementary feed intake, but the roughage and total dry matter intake showed significant differences between treatment groups (p<0.05), except for May. In August, roughage intake was dramatically decreased in the GR group due to summer environmental changes. On the other hand, the higher intake of roughage in September might be related to nutrient intake for mammals. There was no difference in body weight between treatment groups, but the fawn performance was significantly higher in the GR group (p<0.05). These results might be suggested that grazing elk doe might positively affect fawn growth. However, it is considered that BF might increase the deer weaning rate during the parturition period, since the lower weaning rate in the GR group compared to the BF group. The grazing intensity of Elk doe was increased from May to July and decreased in August, which was influenced by pasture productivity. The average grazing intensity of Elk doe was found to be 15 heads/ha, which might be controlled by supplementary feeding. Further studies needed that mixed sowing methods and fertilization management in old grazing pastures for improved pasture productivity.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 1993

The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) includes vasopressor neurons, which transmit activation signals to the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) of the spinal cord, where the preganglionic sympathetic nucleus is located, to raise arterial blood pressure (BP). However, controversy exists as to the possible depressor area in the RVLM and the pathway involved. The present study persued evidence far the location of depressor neurons and the pathway by simultaneously observing changes in BP and the firing rate (FR) of cardiovascular neurons (CVNs) in the RVLM during the somatosympathetic reflex (SSR) elicited by peripheral nerve stimulation, since CVNs are known to contribute to the generation of the sympathetic nerve discharge. In 42 cats, anaesthetized with $\alpha-chloralose$, single unit recording was performed, using carbon filament electrodes inserted into the RVLM, enabling estimation of the post R wave unit histogram (PR-UNlT) and the spike triggered average of sympathetic nerve discharge (STA-SND), allowing identification of CVNs. Antidromic stimulation of spinal $T_2$ segment was followed to determine whether the identified CVN projects axonal endings to the spinal cord (reticulospinal neuron). The sciatic nerve was electrically stimulated at $A\delta-intensity$ (1 mA, 0.1 ms), 1 Hz and C-intensity (10 mA, 0.5 ms), 20 Hz to elicit the depressor, and pressor responses of the SSR, respectively. Simultaneous measurement of CVN firing rate was made. Experimental results are summarized as follows. 1) 20 out of 98 CVNs had axonal projections to the spinal cord and 17 out of 98 CVNs showed FR changes during SSR. 2) Response patterns of FR and BP during SSR were classified into 8 types. 3) These 8 different response patterns could be further classified into those from pressor and depressor neurons. These results demonstrate that some CVNs were identifiable as reticulospinal neurons responding to anti-dromic stimulation and that CVNs operating as depressor neurons as well as pressor neurons exist in the RVLM, both of which are involved with SSR mediation. Therefore, evidence was found that an independent depressor pathway might be involved in the mediation of SSR.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.977-988
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• 2012

This study analyzed the characteristics of stormwater runoff by rainfall type in orchard areas and transportation areas for 2 years(2010~2011year). Effluents were monitored to calculate the Event Mean Concentrations(EMCs) and runoff loads of each pollutant. The pollutant EMCs by volume of stormwater runoff showed the ranges of BOD 0.9~13.6 mg/L, COD 13.7~45.2 mg/L, SS 4.1~236.4 mg/L, T-N 2.123~21.111 mg/L, T-P 0.495~2.214 mg/L in the orchard areas, and was calculated as BOD 2.3~22.5mg/L, COD 4.4~91.1 mg/L, SS 4.3~138.3 mg/L, T-N 0.700~13.500 mg/L, T-P 0.082~1.345 mg/L in the transportation areas. The correlation coefficient of determination in the orchard area was investigated in the order of Total Rainfall(0.81) > Total Runoff(0.76) > Rainfall Intensity(0.56) > Rainfall Duration(0.46) > Antecedent Dry Days(0.27). Also, in the case of the transportation area was investigated in the order of Total Rainfall (0.55) > Total Runoff(0.54) > Rainfall Intensity(0.53) > Rainfall Duration(0.24) > Antecedent Dry Days(0.14). As the result, comparing valuables relating to runoff of non-pollutant source between orchard areas and transportation areas, orchard area($R^2{\geq}0.5$ : X3, X4, X5) was investigated to have more influence of diverse independent valuables compared to the transportation area($R^2{\geq}0.5$ : X3, X4) and the difference of discharge influence factor by the land characteristics appeared apparently.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.411-416
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• 2020

An optical arrangement has been set inside a photo-spectrometer to measure the reflectance of IR optics materials in mid IR range. The optical arrangement consists of equally spaced 4 gold coated full reflecting mirrors with the incidence angle of 45°. Baseline beam intensity I_B has been measured while the beam proceeds through the 4 mirrors. Reflectance of a mirror has been estimated from the I_B. And the beam intensity I_S with the specimen in the optical path has been measured with the 4th mirror replaced with the specimen. Reflectance of the specimen has been estimated from the value of I_S/I_B. Then the estimated reflectance has been put in Fresnel equation relating reflectance and refractive index(RI) to estimate the RI of the material. Measurement has been made for sapphire, germanium, magnesium fluoride, and zinc sulfide. The estimated RI of the materials are closely matching with reference data and the maximum difference less than 2% over the wavelength range 3-5㎛ for all materials tested. As an FT-IR photo-spectrometer with a broadband wavelength infrared light source is used, this method has the advantage of measuring the refractive index at multiple wavelengths in a single measurement.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.10-18
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• 2010

This paper proposes an image stabilization algorithm for close watching UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) using motion separation and stabilization mode. The motion of UAV is composed of its actual navigating motion and unwanted vibrating motion so that image sequences obtained from UAV are shaken randomly. In order to stabilize these images we separate the vibrating motion component from UAV motion and remove the effect caused by it from image sequences. In the proposed algorithm the motion and global intensity change of two consecutive images are modeled with 6 motion parameters and 2 intensity change parameters respectively. These modeled parameters are estimated by non-linear least square method based on Gauss-Newton algorithm. The vibrating motion component is separated from the estimated motion using IIR filtering and the geometric deformation caused by it is removed from image sequences. In order to apply the proposed method to real aerial image sequences with many abrupt changes of camera view, we proposed a stabilizing method using two different modes named as stabilizing and non-stabilizing mode. Experimental results show that the accuracy of motion estimation is 99% and the efficiency of removing the vibrating motion component is 90%. We apply the proposed method to real aerial image sequences and verified its stabilizing performance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2016

An expected-discounted cost model based on RRP(Renewal Reward Process), referred to as a stochastic decision model, has been developed to estimate the optimal period of in-depth inspection which is one of critical issues in the life-cycle maintenance management of harbor structures such as rubble-mound breakwaters. A mathematical model, which is a function of the probability distribution of the service-life, has been formulated by simultaneously adopting PIM(Periodic Inspection and Maintenance) and CBIM(Condition-Based Inspection and Maintenance) policies so as to resolve limitations of other models, also all the costs in the model associated with monitoring and repair have been discounted with time. From both an analytical solution derived in this paper under the condition in which a failure rate function is a constant and the sensitivity analyses for the variety of different distribution functions and conditions, it has been confirmed that the present solution is more versatile than the existing solution suggested in a very simplified setting. Additionally, even in that case which the probability distribution of the service-life is estimated through the stochastic process, the present model is of course also well suited to interpret the nonlinearity of deterioration process. In particular, a MCS(Monte-Carlo Simulation)-based sample path method has been used to evaluate the parameters of a damage intensity function in stochastic process. Finally, the present stochastic decision model can satisfactorily be applied to armor units of rubble mound breakwaters. The optimal periods of in-depth inspection of rubble-mound breakwaters can be determined by minimizing the expected total cost rate with respect to the behavioral feature of damage process, the level of serviceability limit, and the consequence of that structure.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.411-435
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• 2013

Since catastrophe from explosion of Hukushima nuclear power plant, concerns over possibility of exposure to radioactive matter has been disseminating all over the world and frequent accidents of domestic nuclear power plants also has been amplifying throughout the nation. In the past, major focus was made on compensation for local residents who live nearby nuclear power plants, but focal point of this study is on wage premium of workers who are employed in R&D of nuclear power plants. It is difficult to derive socially desirable result if private sectors are responsible for compensation on workers who suffer from physical damages due to the exposure to radioactive matter. Because victims should verify the damages that occur in the working places. This study conducted a survey on which job would prefer the respondents who are engaged with the nuclear R&D projects as exposure levels to radioactive matter, security of job, location of firms, and work intensity differ. As a result, exposure to radioactive matter was the most important attribute in choosing alternative jobs followed by job security, work intensity and job location. Annual willingness to pay for reduction of exposure to radioactive matter was estimated as 7730~7770 thousand KRW depending on different econometric models. Therefore, Korean government should prepare institutional foundation in order that appropriate compensation should be made on workers who are engaged in R&D projects on nuclear power plants if they have damages from the exposure to radioactive matter.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

This study mainly focused on the method of accurately extracting damage information in the im agery change detection process using the constructed high resolution aerial im agery. Bongwha-gun in Gyungsangbuk-do which had been severely damaged from a localized torrential downpour at the end of July, 2008 was selected as study area. This study utilized aerial im agery having photographing scale of 30cm gray image of pre-disaster and 40cm color image of post-disaster. In order to correct errors from the differences of the image resolution of pre-/post-disaster and time series, the prelim inary phase of image processing techniques such as normalizing, contrast enhancement and equalizing were applied to reduce errors. The extent of the damage was calculated using one to one comparison of the intensity of each pixel of pre-/post-disaster im aged. In this step, threshold values which facilitate to extract the extent that damage investigator wants were applied by setting difference values of the intensity of pixel of pre-/post-disaster. The accuracy of optimal image processing and the result of threshold values were verified using the error matrix. The results of the study enabled the early exaction of the extents of the damages using the aerial imagery with identical characteristics. It was also possible to apply to various damage items for imagery change detection in case of utilizing multi-band im agery. Furthermore, more quantitative estimation of the dam ages would be possible with the use of numerous GIS layers such as land cover and cadastral maps.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1159-1163
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• 1999

Along with the increasing demands for food irradiation technology in the food industry, a proper detection means for controlling irradiated foods is required. Enzyme powder, which is permitted to be irradiated in Korea, was subjected to a detection trial by ESR spectroscopy. The high correlation coefficients were observed between the absorbed doses ranging from 2.5 to 15.0 kGy and the corresponding ESR signal intensity, such as $R^2$ = 0.9904 in gamma irradiation and $R^2$ = 0.9696 in electron beam. Pre-established threshold values for both non-irradiated control (1.19) and 2.5 kGy-irradiated samples (6.97 in gamma-ray; 7.36 in electron-beam) were successfully applicable to the detection of 30 coded unknown samples of enzyme powder. The calibration curves obtained from the samples irradiated at 2.5 to 15 kGy were expected to be potentially adopted to estimate absorbed doses ranging front 4 to 7 kGy with a quadratic equation.