• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.467-473
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• 2001

The internal humoral factors in the central regulation of dry feed intake during water deprivation in sheep were investigated by measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constituents. Five animals were fed dried alfalfa chaff for 2 hours once a day. Sheep in the water deprivation treatment were deprived of water for 28 hours, while the sheep in the control treatment were given free access to water. During the first hour of the 2 hour feeding period, a rapid reduction in blood volume occured in both treatments (water deprivation and free access to water). The CSF concentrations of Na, Cl and osmolality during the second hour of the 2 hour feeding period in both treatments were greater (p<0.01) than those during the first hour. The drinking behaviors in sheep were concentrated during the second hour of the 2 hour feeding period in periods of free access to water. Water intake during feeding in periods of free access to water was 1110 ml/2 h. The levels of increase in CSF osmolality with feeding during water deprivation were greater (p<0.01) than during periods of free access to water. The changes in CSF osmolality with feeding during water deprivation produced more vigorous thirst sensations in the brain compared to during periods of free access to water. The eating rates for the first hour of the allotted 2 hour feeding period were the same under both treatments. However, the eating rates for the second hour during water deprivation periods decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared to those during periods of free access to water. The decreased eating rates for the second hour during water deprivation may be due to the vigorous thirst sensations produced in the brain. The results suggest that the increase in CSF osmolality with feeding during water deprivation acts as a thirst and satiety factor in brain mechanisms controlling feeding to decrease dry feed intake in water-deprived sheep.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding efficiency of the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) and the intermediate egret (Ardea intermedia) in relation to the stage of rice culture during two breeding seasons, 2006 and 2007, in Asan city, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. Cattle egrets caught mainly small invertebrate prey (insects and spiders, 98.4%) during all stages of rice cultivation, and had a higher prey capture rate in the plowing stage (14.98 prey/min) than in other stages (2.82-3.51 prey/min). Therefore, the biomass intake rate of cattle egrets was highest in the plowing stage. The intermediate egret captured both loaches (43.4%) and small invertebrates (50.6%). The prey capture rates of intermediate egrets increased gradually from the flooding stage (0.38 prey/min) to the planting stage (1.09 prey/min), and decreased in the growing stage (1.04 prey/min). However, intermediate egrets had the highest biomass intake rates in the plowing stage because more loaches were caught in the plowing stage (0.54 loaches/min) than other stages (0.23-0.36 loaches/min). Consequently, both intermediate egrets and cattle egrets had high energy intakes in the plowing stage and rice fields provided an important feeding habitat for both species.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.33-52
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• 2009

Health promotion policies have needed to assess in detailed and evidence-based work to set a policy goal and clear future directions of health promotion in Korea. To identify the major factors related with health promotion, we assessed the associations between public health outcome (potential years of life loss, PYLL) and national health determinants. For this purpose, we used a pooled cross sectional time-series regression analysis with corrected fixed effect models involving sixteen member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development during the period 1970 to 2001. The PYLL was positively associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption (model 1 and 2) and calories intake (model 2 and 3) while the PYLL was negatively associated with GDP, fruit and vegetable intake (model 2), number of doctors (model 3), coverage rates of health care security, and elderly population rates (model 4). In conclusion, health behaviors related with tobacco, alcohol, and nutrition were significant health determinants for health outcome. Overall analysis results of this study will provide a guidance toward improved macro- and micro-policy development for future health promotion policy in Korea.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.92-104
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• 2005

Obesity rates are increasing worldwide, associated with excess acute and chronic disease risk. In most countries, obesity rates among women exceed rates in men, particularly during the post menopausal years. Many factors affect body weight and appetite, including age, metabolic rate, physical activity level, stress, cultural factors, socioeconomic status, health status and health literacy, diet composition, attitudes, and beliefs. Gender affects appetite and body weight indirectly by altering factors contributing to food choice. However, there is emerging evidence that gender affects appetite and body weight directly, altering the physiological control systems regulating appetite. The follicular menstrual cycle phase (estrogen-rich) is associated with relative suppression of appetite. Lower estrogen levels are associated with increased food intake, body weight gain, and altered body fat distribution in humans and animals. This paper reviews the linkages between estrogen and appetite regulation. While relationships among appetite, body weight, and gender-linked hormones are complex, research elucidating these interrelationships could lead to development of gender-specific treatment approaches for obesity and appetite dysregulation.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.468-478
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermic effects, the macronutrient oxidation rates and the satiety of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). Methods: The thermic effects of two meals containing MCT or long-chain triglycerides (LCT) were compared in ten healthy men (mean age $24.4{\pm}2.9years$). Energy content of the meal was 30% of resting metabolic rate of each subject. Metabolic rate and macronutrient oxidation rate were measured before the meals and for 6 hours after the meals by indirect calorimetry. Satiety was estimated by using visual analogue scales (VAS) at 8 times (before the meal and for 6 hours after meal). Results: Total thermic effect of MCT meal (42.8 kcal, 8.0% of energy intake) was significantly higher than that (26.8 kcal, 5.1% of energy intake) of the LCT meal. Mean postprandial oxygen consumption was also significantly different between the two types of meals (MCT meal: $0.29{\pm}0.35L/min$, LCT meal: $0.28{\pm}0.27L/min$). There were no significant differences in total postprandial carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates between the two meals. However, from 30 to 120 minutes after consumption of meals, the fat oxidation rate of MCT meal was significantly higher than that of the LCT meal. Comparison of satiety values (hunger, fullness and appetite) between the two meals showed that MCT meal maintained satiety for a longer time than the LCT meal. Conclusions: This study showed the possibility that long-term substitution of MCT for LCT would produce weight loss if energy intake remained constant.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.570-580
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (vit. D) levels on metabolism of various minerals such as Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr. The comparison was made on the rats that were placed on diet containing powdered skim milk with different Ca and vit. D levels for 5 weeks. A total of 42 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups as follows: Control group consisted of normal Ca and normal vit. D (0.5% Ca, 1,000 IU vit. D); Experimental groups were divided into low (0.25%) and high (1.0%) calcium levels; and vit. D group was divided into low (10 IU), normal (1,000 IU), and high (5,000 IU) subgroups. The weight gain and food efficiency ratios of the rats were not significantly different with increasing dietary Ca levels. The absorption rates of 7 minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr) were significantly decreased with increasing dietary Ca levels. Also, fecal excretion of P significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.05), and urine excretion of Fe was significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.001). The result indicated that higher Ca intake affected on bioavailability of other minerals, due to interactions among minerals in the process of intestinal absorption. However, vitamin D intake had no effect on bioavailability of several minerals. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate Ca intake is important for balance of the minerals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.384-388
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• 2003

Twenty yearling lambs of Southeast Nigeria dwarf, liveweight ($18{\pm}1.9 kg$) were grouped into 5 treatments. Dry brewer's grain was substituted for maize offal in the experiment diets namely A to E at 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% respectively, as supplement to low quality, dry season cassava leaf top and Andropogan gayanus hay at 1:1 ratio that lasted for 56 days. After which 5 of the lambs (average bodyweight=$24.3{\pm}1.5kg$) were transferred to metabolism crates to determine the digestibility and nitrogen/protein balance studies. While the mean group intakes were (945.9, 996.1, 1,040.5, 1,148.5 and 1,037.7 g conc. DM/day), the growth rates were (115.1, 124.1, 152.5, 168.5 and 123.1 g liveweight gain/day), respectively. There was a recorded decline in both intake (p>0.05) and growth rate (p<0.05) as the level of dry brewer's grain was increased beyond 45% of the supplement. Similar trend was observed on the protein and organic matter efficiency ratios (p>0.05) together with the organic matter intake. The urine nitrogen output was also significant (p>0.05). The work further revealed that, at a certain critical level of intake, dry brewer's grain is able to support growth rates measurable to or better than those noted when feeding maize offal to lambs, and went on to prove dry brewer's grain as an attractive supplementary feed for the drier months of the year, in the Southeast of Nigeria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.487-494
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• 2010

In order to test the applicability of bunker-A in a diesel engine for small-fishing boat, the investigation of the engine performance and the exhaust emission was performed under various conditions of fuel property, intake air pressure and fuel temperature. It was also performed based on IMO NOx Technical code. At high load, the energy consumption rate of bunker-A was lower than that of diesel oil, and the characteristics of exhaust emission of bunker-A were similar to those, and NOx emission rates of both fuels satisfied the IMO NOx emission regulation limits. The energy consumption rate and characteristics of exhaust emission were improved as the intake air pressure was increased, but these were not improved remarkably as the temperature of bunker-A was heated. However, at low load the energy consumption rate, CO emission rate and HC emission rate of bunker-A were higher than those of diesel oil, but NOx emission rates of the fuels were about the same. In addition, at low load the energy consumption rate and CO emission rate of bunker-A were increased as the intake air pressure and the temperature were higher than normal conditions. Accordingly, it is thought that the use of bunker-A in a kind of test engine is possible at high load. On the other hand, it is thought that more research is needed to improve the combustion efficiency under low temperature and low load condition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2018

Power plant is the important infrastructure to generate electricity. This plant in normally located next to river and seashore in order to take cooling water through intake. However, the plant is stopped when marine organism blocks the intake, and it caused damages by social and commercial. Therefore, air bubble barrier has been used to block marine organism in order to operate the plant properly. The aim of this study was to test the rates of cut off of floating substance by air bubble barrier to develop the facility for the plant. The test was conducted by current velocity, pressure of air, specific gravity of the substance and the layer of the barrier, and the result showed the blocking rates by the condition. It will be used as basic data to develop the air bubble barrier and to operate power plant properly from the marine organism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the relation of the unhealthy eating habit of high school students in Seoul with their school types. Methods: In cross-sectional study, secondary data was used, representative sample of 7,284 subjects, high school students in Seoul. Consumption rates of Ramyun, Fast-food, and a breakfast-skipping rate were compared by the gender, grade, and school type. Descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$ analysis, correlation, and multiple logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results: The odds ratios (OR) of associated factors on the breakfast-skipping were 1.25 times higher in the 11th grade, 1.26 times in the 12th grade (reference: 10th grade), 1.21 times in school for both gender (reference: only male gender), 2.63 times in the general high school, 4.82 times in the vocational (reference: the autonomous private). The odds ratios (OR) of associated factors on frequent Ramyun intake were 2.10 times in male, 1.79 times in both gender (reference: only male gender), 2.01 times in the general high school, vocational 5.26 times (reference: the autonomous private). The odds ratios (OR) of associated factors on frequent Fast-food intake were 1.89 times in school for both gender (reference: only male gender), 3.93 times in the vocational high school (reference: the autonomous private). Conclusion: Students of the vocational high school than those of the autonomous private had more and more the breakfast-skipping rate, and had more consumption rates of Ramyun and Fast-food. Therefore, in order to improve these problems, intervention for students, diversified school health policy as well as health education to right food intake consumption are needed.