• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2009

This study was carried out to suggest an effective cooking method for pork bellies to decrease intake of animal fat. The physico-chemical characteristics of pork bellies cooked by different methods (boiling, steaming, baking and frying) were investigated. The moisture contents of cooked meats decreased but crude lipid contents increased. The cooking losses, moisture drain rates, and lipid drain rates were high after frying and boiling. The pH values increased markedly with boiling and both the acid value and the refraction index of the fat significantly increased with frying. The hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the meat increased considerably with boiling, but decreased notably after frying. The springiness decreased very much with boiling and cohesiveness greatly increased with steaming. The CIE $L^*$ (lightness) value increased notably with steaming but decreased markedly with frying. The CIE $a^*$ (redness) value decreased markedly with all cooking methods, especially boiling, and the CIE $b^*$ (yellowness) value decreased with both boiling and steaming but increased with both baking and frying. The fatty acids of fat from the raw pork bellies were primarily oleic acid (42.4%), palmitic acid (23.9%), and linoleic acid (16.1%). The ratio of total monounsaturated fatty acids to total saturated fatty acids was 1.190 and the ratio of total polyunsaturated fatty acids to total saturated fatty acids was 0.446. In addition, the composition of fatty acids was not significantly changed with any cooking method except frying. Therefore, boiling is the effective cooking method for pork bellies to decrease intake of animal fats.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 2014

Risk assessment considers the situations and characteristics of the exposure environment and host. Various physiological variables of the human body reflects the characteristics of the population that can directly influence risk exposure. Therefore, identification of exposure factors based on the Korean population is required for appropriate risk assessment. It is expected that a handbook about general exposure factors will be used by professionals in many fields as well as the risk assessors of the health department. The process of developing the exposure factors handbook for the Korean population will be introduced in this article, with a specific focus on the general exposure factors including life expectancy, body weight, surface area, inhalation rates, amount of water intake, and soil ingestion targeting the Korean population. The researchers used national databases including the Life Table and the 2005 Time Use Survey from the National Statistical Office. The anthropometric study of size in Korea used the resources provided by the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards. In addition, direct measurement and questionnaire surveys of representative samples were performed to calculate the inhalation rate, drinking water intake, and soil ingestion.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.247-262
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• 2011

This study assessed the health risks of childhood exposure to PBDEs via different possible pathways in children's facilities and indoor playgrounds. When PBDE contamination was measured, it was determined through multiple routes, including inhalation of indoor dust, dermal contact with product surfaces and children's hands, and incidental dust ingestion. Samples were collected from various children's facilities (playrooms, daycare centers, kindergartens, and indoor playgrounds) during summer (Jul-Sep, 2007) and winter (Jan-Feb, 2008). The hazard index (HI) was estimated for non-carcinogens, and PBDEs, such as TeBDE, PeBDE, HxBDE, and DeBDE, were examined. The sensitivity to the compounds did not exceed 1.0 (HI) for any of the subjects in any facility. However, current data about toxicity does not reflect effects that were fully sensitive in children, so there is uncertainty in the dose-response data. The contribution rates of PBDEs were 71.4 to 96.1% and 3.7 to 28.2% for intake and inhalation exposure, respectively, indicating that intake of floor dust and inhalation are the primary routes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.507-517
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender on the thermic effect of food and substrate oxidation rate during 5 hours after a mixed meal. Twenty healthy college students (10 males and 10 females) aged 20-26 years participated in this study. The energy contents of the experimental diets were 775 kcal and 627 kcal for males and females respectively, which were 30% of individual energy requirements and were composed of 65/15/20% as the proportion of carbohydrate/protein/fat. Resting and postprandial energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates were measured with indirect calorimetry in the fasting state and every 30 min for 5 hours after meal consumption. Thermic effects of food expressed as ${\Delta}AUC$ and TEF% were not significantly different between males and females. However, TEF% adjusted for body weight and fat-free mass in males (0.095% and 0.120%) were significantly lower than those in females (0.152% and 0.213%)(p < 0.05). The total amount of carbohydrate oxidized was significantly lower in males than that in females (58.6 vs. 86.6 mg/kcal energy intake/5 h, p < 0.05). In contrast, the total amount of fat oxidized was significantly higher in males than that in females after the meal (32.9 vs. 17.2 mg/kcal energy intake/5 h, p < 0.01). These results indicate that gender affects the thermic effects of food and the substrate oxidation rate after a meal. The results show that males use relatively less carbohydrate and more fat as an energy source after a meal than that of females.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.234-238
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to measure nutrient digestibility and performance in broiler chicks fed diets based on normal and low viscosity rye or barley fed with and without enzyme (pentosanase and $\beta$-glucanase) during a 17 day growth trial. A total of 150 one-day old, male broiler chicks (5 birds per pen and 5 pens per treatment) were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a $3{\times}3$ factorial design experiment (3 cereals${\times}$2 enzyme levels). Digestibility coefficients were determined using chromic oxide. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein were significantly (p=0.0001) higher for the barley-based diets than for any of the rye-based diets. Digestibility coefficients for gross energy did not differ (p>0.05) due to cereal grain. There were no differences in the digestibility coefficients for dry matter and gross energy between chicks fed normal and low viscosity rye. However, the digestibility coefficient for crude protein was higher (p=0.01) for the low viscosity rye compared with the normal viscosity rye. Addition of enzyme to the diet significantly (p=0.0001) increased digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and energy. There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion between birds fed barley or rye or between birds fed normal or low viscosity rye. Enzyme supplementation significantly improved (p=0.0001) weight gain, intake and feed conversion. The overall results of this experiment indicate that unsupplemented barley and rye do not support adequate growth rates in poultry. Enzyme supplementation dramatically improved broiler performance. In addition, genetic selection to reduce the viscosity of rye had only a modest effect on the nutritive value of rye for broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.533-539
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• 1992

Sixteen crossbred (Sahiwal $\times$ Holstein) male rumen fistulated calves of 18 to 24 months of age were randomly divided into four groups of four animal, each. Animals in all the groups were fed wheat straw ad lib as basal roughage. However, the animals in group I were fed concentrate mixture at maintenance level, whereas, the animals in groups II, III and IV had free access to existing, modified (A) and modified (B) urea molasses mineral block licks respectively. Daily wheat straw intake (kg) was significantly (p<0.01) higher in groups II ($4.20{\pm}0.13$), III ($4.07{\pm}0.16$) and IV ($4.22{\pm}0.20$) as compared to group I ($3.21{\pm}0.14$). Total N and TCA precistrained rumen liquor) was significantly higher in groups II ($22.36{\pm}0.25$), III ($21.63{\pm}0.25$) and IV ($21.77{\pm}0.55$) as compared to group I ($18.31{\pm}0.41$). Bacterial production rate (g/day and g/kg digestible organic matter intake) were non-significantly different amongst groups I ($214.4{\pm}13.28;\;85.38{\pm}3.69$); II ($198.7{\pm}5.70;\;86.17{\pm}3.53$); III ($214.4{\pm}8.19;\;96.15{\pm}2.16$) and IV ($218.2{\pm}10.62;\;94.44{\pm}5.52$). Similarly, percent efficiency of N incorporation into bacterial protein was not found significantly different amongst groups I, II, III and IV. These studies indicate that when concentrate mixture (upto maintenance level) in the diet of ruminants was replaced with UMMB licks, various N fraction in SRL and efficiency of bacterial production rates in the rumen were not affected.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.195-200
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• 2003

In recent years, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has dramatically increased in Korea as the diet has rapidly become westernized. We determined the effect of long-term cola intakes on glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in weanling male Sprague Dawley rats consuming a moderate fat diet Thirty male rats, born from 6 female rats, were randomized into cola or water drinking groups. For 28 weeks, all rats were provided with an ad lib solid diet having 33 percent of its metabolisable energy as fat In addition, rats of the cola group were provided with ad lib cola instead of water. The daily total caloric intake did not differ between groups. The rats in the cola group consumed a higher proportion of carbohydrates, and their mean body weight and fasting serum insulin level were lower than that of the control group. Whole-body glucose disposal rates measured by an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp were higher in the cola group. However, lipid peroxide levels in kidney tissue were higher in the cola group than in the control group. Superoxide dismutase activity in kidney tissues was lower in the cola group compared to the control group, while glutathion peroxidase and catalase activities were not significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, long-term cola intakes decreased insulin resistance, but increased oxidative stress in kidney tissue due to decreased SOD activities, which may lead to kidney damage. Thus, moderate changes in insulin resistance may not affect the status of oxidative stress, and vice versa.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.945-951
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• 2013

In vitro studies were undertaken to develop an appropriate fibrolytic enzymes cocktail comprising of cellulase, xylanase and ${\beta}$-D-glucanase for maize stover with an aim to increase its nutrient utilization in sheep. Cellulase and xylanase added individually to ground maize stover at an increasing dose rates (0, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, 3,200, 6,400, 12,800, 25,600, 32,000, 38,400, and 44,800 IU/g DM), increased (p<0.01) the in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro sugar release. The doses selected for studying the combination effect of enzymes were 6,400 to 32,000 IU/g of cellulase and 12,800 to 44,800 IU/g of xylanase. At cellulase concentration of 6,400 IU/g, IVDMD % was higher (p<0.01) at higher xylanase doses (25,600 to 44,800 IU/g). While at cellulase doses (12,800 to 32,000 IU/g), IVDMD % was higher at lower xylanase doses (12,800 and 25,600 IU/g) compared to higher xylanase doses (32,000 to 44,800 IU/g). At cellulase concentration of the 6,400 to 32,000 IU/g, the amount of sugar released increased (p<0.01) with increasing levels of xylanase concentrations except for the concentration of 44,800 IU/g. No effect of ${\beta}$-D-glucanase (100 to 300 IU/g) was observed at lower cellulase-xylanase dose (cellulase-xylanase 12,800 to 12,800 IU/g). Based on the IVDMD, the enzyme combination cellulase-xylanase 12,800 to 12,800 IU/g was selected to study its effect on feed intake and rumen fermentation pattern, conducted on 12 rams (6 to 8 months; $20.34{\pm}2.369$ kg body weight) fed 50% maize stover based TMR. The total volatile fatty acids (p<0.01) and ammonia-N concentration was higher in enzyme supplemented group, while no effect was observed on dry matter intake, ruminal pH and total nitrogen concentration.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.20-32
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• 2005

With the prosperous economy, the status of diet and nutrition among the urban and rural Chinese population has been improved significantly. This paper will focuses on three main surveys in China. (1)'Food and Nutrition Surveillance System in China': Phase I focused on analysis of previous data. Phase II was a pilot survey initiated in Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Ningxia, Zhejiang, Guangzhou, and Sichuan in 1990. (2) 'The China Health and Nutrition Survey' is an ongoing longitudinal project covered 8(9) provinces in 1991,1993,1997,2000. This paper will analysis the adults aged 18 45 of 1991, 1993, 1997, and 2000. (3) Survey on the status of nutrition and health of the Chinese (2002) is an across sectional study covered 31 provinces, autonomous region and the municipalities. The data was used to analyze the status of food consumption and dietary nutrients intake of Chinese population. In the past ten years, the prevalence of malnutrition and nutrition deficiency has been continuously decreased. The consumptions of animal products, milk, and edible oil have been increased, while the dairy and legume products consumption decreased. The unbalance was showed with a downward trend in cereals, vegetables and fruits consumption and a significant increase in animal products and oil intake among urban people. Dietary pattern of some subjects went away to 'high energy density' diet. The deficiency of calcium, retinal and ascorbic acid etc, especially in the rural areas still exist. China is undergoing a remarkable, but undesirable, rapid transition towards a stage of the nutrition transition characterized by high rates of DR NCDs in a very short time. China is facing the dual challenges of nutrition deficiency and nutrition imbalance. The results can help to understand the dietary structure and the status of nutrition among Chinese people over the past years. It will provide the basis for formulating relevant state policies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.887-895
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary boron supplementation and calcium levels on calcium and bone metabolism in ovariectomized female rats. The experimental group classified ovariectomized group(O) and sham operation group (S). The two groups were then each randomly divided into flour sub-groups and fed experimental diets consisting in two levels of calcium and at each level of calcium, there were boron supplemented group and non-supplemented group. Calcium levels were either 0.2%(low calcium group: L) or 1.2%(high calcium group: H). The level of boron in the diet for the boron supplemented groups(B) was 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/g diet. The experimental period was six weeks. The average food intake were not statistically significantly different in all of eight groups. The increase in weights of rats was observed only in ovariectonized and sham control rats(low ca without boron supplemented). The rest of the groups lost weight significantly during the experimental period ranging from 26.94g to 44.34g. Significant higher calcium intakes were observed in high calcium groups, regardless of boron supplementation during experimental period. Urinary calcium excretion was not affected either by ovariectomy or diets on the first, third and sixth week of feeding. Apparent calcium absorption rates were not different among the groups on first week, whereas noticeable increase was observed in low calcium groups at third and sixth weeks. Femur wet and dry weight, and calcium contents of femur were higher in low calcium groups. whereas femur bone density was higher low calcium with boron supplementation groups than low calcium groups. Scapular density did not show any significant differences among all groups. Despite there were no differences in the activities of alkaline phosphatase by boron supplementation, boron supplemetation appeared to cause higher femur density. There results suggest that in both of sham-operated and ovariectomized rats low calcium did not influence greatly bone status of rats and boron increased bone density.