• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2006년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.826-831
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• 2006

In this paper, we discussed the energy performance of underfloor air distribution(UFAD) and overhead air distribution system according to outdoor air intake rates in a office building. For this, the laboratory(S lab.) is selected for measuring the thermal environments of UFAD system and overhead system. Based on the measured data, the TRNSYS simulation is used to evaluate the energy performance of UFAD system and the overhead system according to outdoor air intake rates. By increasing outdoor air intake rates from required outdoor air intake rates(100CMH) to maximum air intake rates, the energy savings of UFAD system comparing with overhead system are varied $15%{\sim}25.6%$ in summer, $12.8%{\sim}19%$ in fall/spring and not varied in winter(8%). As results of simulations on stratification height and cooling set temperature, the lower the stratification height and the higher cooling set temperature, the larger cooling energy savings of UFAD comparing with overhead system according to outdoor air intake rates.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.619-628
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• 2002

The purpose of the study was to compare the satisfaction level on hospital meal size and actual intake rate of hospital foods between elderly and middle aged patients. Sixty one middle aged and one hundered thirty two elderly patients were surveyed on the foods served in the hospital-rice, soup, meat/fish, vegetable, kimchi and daily products. Compared to the middle aged patients, the more elderly thought the serving size of rice was too big(p<0.05), and those of soup, meat/fish and kimchi tended to be too big. There was no difference in the satisfaction level on the serving size of vegetable dish between two age groups. In actual intake rates of hospital meal there were no significant differences between the elderly and middle aged patients. However, the elderly male ate significantly(p<0.05) less amount of rice than the middle aged male and the elderly female ate significantly(p<0.01) less amount of meat/fish then the middle aged female. Satisfaction levels and actual intake rates were significantly correlated in all food items.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 1996

Study on the mechanism of droplet transport and the droplet eddy diffusivity in the intake manifold of internal conbustion engine with carburetor has been carried out in this paper The theory and experiments were studied and performed respectively, to elucidate the mechanism and to measure typical rates of deposition, on the walls of a straight type intake manifold, of water droplets suspended in a turbulent air streams. Accordingly, the results are that Mechanism of a spray transport to the walls is caused by the fluctuation component of radial velocity. Deposition rate of a spray on the walls is mainly dependent upon air velocity and mean diameter of spray, and Droplet eddy diffusivity in the intake manifold is around $80\sim105cm^2/sec$.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.166-175
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• 2017

Background: This study presents food ingestion standards for radioactivity that can be applied in nuclear emergency exposure situations, and discusses the validity of the current domestic standards. Materials and Methods: This study derived food ingestion standards for radiocesium and radioiodine using domestic food intake rates and intervention levels, which serve as a basis for determining the necessity of public protective actions, and then compared them with the existing guidelines. Operational intervention levels were also derived using domestic food intake rates, and were compared with those of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Results and Discussion: The derived activity concentrations for food ingestion standards of radiocesium for infants were higher than those in the Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency (APPRE) for all food categories, while for adults, the derived activity concentrations for drinking water and milk appeared to be slightly lower. The derived activity concentrations for vegetables, fruits, and grains were greater than those in the guidelines of the APPRE, while the derived activity concentrations for meat and seafood were similar to those in the APPRE. The derived activity concentrations for radioiodine were greater than both domestic and global standards. The calculated operational intervention levels (OILs) based on domestic food intake rates were greater than the IAEA's default OIL6 values for most radionuclides, except for a few ${\alpha}$-radionuclides. Conclusion: The current domestic guidelines turned out to be conservative overall, compared to the present results that were calculated using domestic food intake rates. It is recommended that the domestic guidelines should be revised and complemented transparently through an in-depth review by stakeholders on a solid scientific basis.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 1992

요각들은 Calanus sinicus와 Acartia clausi(A. omorii)의 먹이섭취 양상을 파악 하기 위하여 식물 플랑크톤의 농도변화와 시간경과에 따른 먹이섭취율 및 여과율의 변 화를 실험실에서 조사하였다. 두종의 요각류들의 여과율은 먹이농도가 증가에 따라서 감소했으며, 평균 여과율은 C. sinicus가 2.42 ml/copepod/hr,이고, A. clausi가 3.37 ml/copepod/hr. 이였다. 먹이섭취율은 먹이농도의 증가에 따라 다소 변동은 있지만 수 평적으로 일정하게 유지되는 경향을 보였다. 시간에 따른 요각류들의 여과율은 주기성 을 보이지 않고 전반적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 A. clausi 는 어떤 시간의 경과 후 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 결과적으로 신물플랑크톤의 농도변화에 따른 요각류의 먹 이섭취율과 여과율의 경향은 유사하게 나타났지만, 측정된 값들은 다소 차이를 보였 다. 그리고 시간경과에 따른 조사에서 두종의 요각류들은 불연속적인 포식활동을 전개 하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate sodium and potassium balances, as well as correlations among the relating factors in adult males and females. We collected blood, urine and feces samples as well as a dietary intake survey from 50 subjects. Then, we analyzed the sodium and potassium contents in blood, urine and feces, and evaluated their state of balance. The average ages of the study targets were 24.7 years old for males and 22.8 years old for females. The daily energy intake by the males was 1733.4 kcal and by the females was 1570.3 kcal. Sodium intakes were 138.3 mEq and 127.5 mEq for males and females, respectively. Potassium intakes were 43.1 mEq and 49.3 mEq, respectively. The daily excretions of sodium through urine were 136.6 mEq by males and 97.0 mEq by females and the excretions through feces were 2.2 mEq and 2.0 mEq, respectively. The daily excretions of potassium through urine were 20.2 mEq and 16.5 mEq by males and females respectively, and the excretions through feces were 7.7 mEq and 7.5 mEq male to female. The retention rates of sodium were 11.7% and 14.1% male to female, respectively, and the apparent absorption rates were 98.5% and 97.8%. Additionally, the retention rates of potassium were 32.9% and 39.8% and the apparent absorptions were 81.9% and 81.3%, both male and female. It was noted that, overall, the sodium intake of adult males and females is still higher than the recommended daily sodium intake, while the potassium intakes and excretions were found to be lower. Based on the results of this study, nutritional guidance and education is recommended to encourage decreased sodium intake and increased potassium intake, according to recommended standards.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.75-82
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• 2002

The effects of intake mixture temperature on performance and exhaust emissions under four kinds of engine loads were experimentally investigated by using a four-cycle four-cylinder, swirl chamber type, water-cooled diesel engine with scrubber EGR system operating at three kinds of engine speeds. The purpose of this study is to develop the scrubber exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) control system for reducing $NO_x$ and soot emissions simultaneously in diesel engines. The EGR system is used to reduce NOx emissions. And a novel diesel soot-removal device with a cylinder-type scrubber which has five water injection nozzles is specially designed and manufactured to reduce soot contents in the recirculated exhaust gas to the intake system of the engine. The influences of cooled EGR and water injection, however, would be included within those of scrubber EGR system. In order to study the effect of intake mixture temperature, a intake mixture heating device which has five heating coils is made of a steel drum. It is found that the specific fuel consumption rate is considerably elevated by the increase of intake mixture temperature, and that NOx emissions are markedly decreased as EGR rates are increased and intake mixture temperature is dropped, while soot emissions are increased with increasing EGR rates and intake mixture temperature.

• 한국반도체및디스플레이장비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국반도체및디스플레이장비학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 발표 논문집
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• pp.100-111
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• 2002

The effects of intake mixture temperature on performance and exhaust emissions under four kinds of engine loads were experimentally investigated by using a four-cycle, four-cylinder, swirl chamber type, water-cooled diesel engine with scrubber EGR system operating at three kinds of engine speeds. The purpose of this study is to develop the scrubber exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) control system for reducing $NO_x$ and soot emissions simultaneously in diesel engines. The EGR system is used to reduce $NO_x$ emissions. And a novel diesel soot-removal device of cylinder-type scrubber with five water injection nozzles is specially designed and manufactured to reduce soot contents in the recirculated exhaust gas to the intake system of the engine. The influences of cooled EGR and water injection, however, would be included within those of scrubber EGR system. In order to survey the effect of intake mixture temperature on performance and exhaust emissions, the intake mixtures of fresh air and recirculated exhaust gas are heated by a heating device with five heating coils made of a steel drum. It is found that the specific fuel consumption rate is considerably elevated by the increase of intake mixture temperature, and that $NO_x$ emissions are markedly decreased as EGR rates are increased and intake mixture temperature is dropped, while soot emissions are increased with increasing EGR rates and intake mixture temperature. Thus one can conclude that the performance and exhaust emissions are considerably influenced by the cooled EGR.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.1698-1703
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• 2004

To understand the high expansion effects by adopting intake closing time in the cases of compensating intake air-mass and effective compression ratio simultaneously, fundamental study was carried out by using RICEM realizing Atkinson cycle. Intake air-mass and effective compression ratio were compensated by increasing supercharged pressure and geometric compression ratio. The results showed that the increasing rates of expansion ratio and expansion-compression ratio were increased by compensating both a intake air-mass and effective compression ratio the same tendencies were obtained with the increases of compression ratio and cut off ratio It was also found that LIVC has more advantages in expansion ratio and effective work than those of EIVC under above conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.260-264
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• 1997

This study was conducted with adult cockerels to determine whether dietary RNA affects feed intake and renal weight and function, and if the responses are similar to dietary adenine. Chickens were ad libitum fed a RNA diet (100 g/kg) or an adenine diet (9.1 g/kg) for 14 d and catheterized in right jugular vein, hepatic portal vein and both urethers, and saline together with para-amino hippuric acid and sodium thiosulfate was continuously infused into them to evaluate renal functions. Dietary RNA reduced feed intake and body weight, and dietary adenine increased kidney weight expressed as a proportion of body weight (P < 0.05). Feed intake and body weight on the adenine diet and kidney weight on the RNA diet showed similar though non significant tendencies. No calculi were detected in the kidney in chickens fed either the RNA or adenine diets. Plasma inorganic phosphate (IP), Ca and 1,25 $(OH)_2$ vitamin $D_3$ concentrations were increased by dietary RNA and adenine, although the increases of IP and Ca in adenine-fed chickens were not significant. Uric acid and urea concentrations in the blood plasma were unaffected by dietary RNA or adenine. Both dietary RNA and adenine increased renal blood flow rates 3.5-3.7 fold, renal plasma flow rates 3.4-3.7 fold and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) 2.9-3.0 fold (p < 0.01). Clearance of urea, IP and Ca were also enhanced by dietary RNA, but not by dietary adenine. However, neither RNA nor adenine affected uric acid clearance. Only IP clearance was significantly augmented at the glomerular level by dietary RNA (p < 0.05). Glomerular filtration of uric acid, urea, IP and Ca and reabsorption of urea, IP and Ca at the renal tubule were increased by dietary RNA and adenine (p < 0.05), whereas tubular secretion of uric acid was decreased by both dietary treatments. It is concluded that dietary adenine is effective in changing renal function and P and Ca metabolism in chickens.