• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1750-1757
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• 2010

This study was designed to evaluate the anti-diabetic effects of Buan mulberries by using an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus animal model. Several studies have shown that mulberries have metabolism-improving, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering properties in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. In this study, Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to 1 normal control group and 5 STZ-induced diabetes groups: rats that had STZ-induced diabetes and did not receive any agents (diabetic group; negative control), rats that had STZ-induced diabetes and received insulin (insulin group; positive control), rats that had STZ-induced diabetes and received 0.5% mulberry extract (0.5% mulberry group), rats that had STZ-induced diabetes and received 1.0% mulberry extract (1.0% mulberry group), and rats that had STZ-induced diabetes and received 2.0% mulberry extract (2.0% mulberry group). Mulberry extracts were administered to the diabetic animals for 4 weeks. The rats that received mulberry extracts showed lower body weights and insulin levels, as well as higher kidney weights, blood glucose levels, urine quantities, and water intake in comparison with the normal controls. Further, the insulin concentrations in the mulberry-fed animals were higher than those in the diabetic group, and the kidney weights, blood glucose levels, urine quantities, and water intake in the mulberry-fed animals were lower than the corresponding values in the diabetic controls. These results suggest that mulberry may be an effective functional food to prevent diabetes-related complications.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2010

The Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes (T2D), develops hyperglycemic obesity with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance after the age of 25 weeks, similar to patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM). In the present study, we determined whether there are differences in the pattern of gene expression related to glucose and lipid metabolism between OLETF rats and their control counterparts, Long-Evans Tokushima (LETO) rats. The experiment was done using 35-week-old OLETF and LETO rats. At week 35 male OLETF rats showed overt T2D and increases in blood glucose, plasma insulin, plasma triglycerides (TG) and plasma total cholesterol (TC). Livers of diabetic OLETF and LETO rats also showed differences in expression of mRNA for glucose and lipid metabolism related genes. Among glucose metabolism related genes, GAPDH mRNA was significantly higher and FBPase and G6Pase mRNA were significantly lower in OLETF rats. For lipid metabolism related genes, HMGCR, SCD1 and HL mRNA were substantially higher in OLETF rats. These results indicate that gluconeogenesis in OLETF rats is lower and glycolysis is higher, which means that glucose metabolism might be compensated for by a lowering of the blood glucose level. However, lipid synthesis is increased in OLETF rats so diabetes may be aggravated. These differences between OLETF and LETO rats suggest mechanisms that could be targeted during the development of therapeutic agents for diabetes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2011

The importance of dietary intake in the treatment of type 2 diabetes was emphasized. This study was performed to investigate the dietary intakes of Korean type 2 diabetes patients according to the treatment and duration of diabetes and to examine the relationships between their diet and serum lipid profiles. The subjects were 111 type 2 diabetic patients who were treated by medical nutrition therapy only, oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA), or insulin with medical nutrition therapy. Dietary intake was assessed by a registered dietitian using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires Comparisons according to treatment type were made using covariance analyses. General linear models identified the independent effects of the different treatments after covarying for age, duration of diabetes, and 2-way interactions. There were no significant differences in age and BMI but was in duration of diabetes according to treatment type in these subjects. Carbohydrate to energy ratio was higher in the OHA group (P < 0.05), whereas the fat to energy ratio was higher in the insulin group for males (P < 0.05). Carbohydrate ($R^2$ = 0.24, P = 0.005) and fat ($R^2$ = 0.26, P = 0.02) to energy ratios were independently associated with the duration of diabetes after covarying for age, sex, treatment, and 2-way interactions. The levels of triglyceride (TG; $R^2$ = 0.32, P = 0.02) and total cholesterol (TC) were associated independently with energy intake and the carbohydrate ($R^2$ = 0.15, P = 0.02) and fat ($R^2$ = 0.15, P = 0.01) to energy ratios, respectively. The concern that the independent association of dietary intake with either duration of diabetes or dietary factors affects blood lipid levels could suggest that specific dietary recommendations may work better for identifiable groups of diabetes patients.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2013

Previous studies have shown that Aloe QDM complex, which is consisted of chromium (Cr), aloesin (ALS) and processed Aloe vera gel (PAG), exert antidiabetic activity in a high fat diet-induced mouse model of type 2 diabetes. In this study we examined the mechanism of the antidiabetic activity of the Aloe QDM complex. Rat myoblast cell line L6 cells were cultured in the presence of Cr, ALS, and PAG alone and in combinations, and then the capability of the cells to uptake glucose was examined using radiolabeled glucose. All of the 3 agents, Cr, ALS and PAG, exerted glucose uptake-enhancing activity in L6 cells. The most potent capability to uptake glucose was observed when L6 cells were cultured with the Aloe QDM complex. The activity of the Aloe QDM complex to enhance glucose uptake was prominent in conditions where existing insulin concentrations are low. We also examined the effects of the Aloe QDM complex on the plasma membrane expression of GLUT4 in L6 cells. The Aloe QDM complex increased the content of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane, while decreasing the content of GLUT4 in the light microsome. Taken together, these results show that the antidiabetic activity of the Aloe QDM complex is at least in part due to the stimulation of glucose uptake into the muscle cells, and this activity of the Aloe QDM complex is mediated through the enhancement of the translocation of GLUT4 into the plasma membrane.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.331-344
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• 2008

Recently, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) of the United States and many advanced countries remark biomarkers and surrogate endpoints as a critical path tool on model based drug development. Economic, technical and social profit on model based drug development like a reduction of the length of research and development have been achieved. Therefore we summarize previous studies about biomarkers and surrogate endpoints and suggest a development direction of therapeutic agents. In diabetes mellitus (DM) and osteoporosis, there are remarkable increases in number of patients and most of patients take medicine during their whole lifetime. For this reason, many patients with DM and osteoporosis have a tolerance on their medicine. We expect that research and development on biomarkers and surrogate endpoints will contribute to new drug development on DM and osteoporosis. Biomarkers for DM are blood levels of glucose, insulin, ${HbA}_{1c}$, CRP, alpha-glucosidase, adiponectin and DPP-4. Among these, validated surrogate endpoints for DM are blood levels of glucose, insulin and ${HbA}_{1c}$ Biomarkers for osteoporosis are BMD, BMC, trabecular volume, ICTP, DPD, osteocalcin, the activity of osteoclast and production of osteoblast. The validated surrogate endpoints for osteoporosis are BMD only. This review summarizes all suggested biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in DM and osteoporosis. The biomarkers are classified by drugs, and the method of validation for surrogate endpoints is suggested. This information would contribute to suggest a direction of DM and osteoporosis therapeutic agent development.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2012

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is important in the regulation of metabolic diseases and has emerged as a promising signaling target. Previously, we reported the PTP1B inhibitory activity of Rheum undulatum (RU). In the present study, we investigated the metabolic regulatory effects of RU in a high-fat diet (HFD) model. RU treatment significantly blocked body weight gain, which was accompanied by a reduction of feed efficiency. In addition, it led to a reduction of liver weight mediated by overexpression of PPAR${\alpha}$ and CPT1 in the liver, and an increase in the expression of adiponectin, aP2, and UCP3 in adipose tissue responsible for the reduction of total and LDL-cholesterol levels. Chrysophanol and physcion from RU significantly inhibited PTP1B activity and strongly enhanced insulin sensitivity. Altogether, our findings strongly suggest that 2 compounds are novel PTP1B inhibitors and might be considered as anti-obesity agents that are effective for suppressing body weight gain and improving lipid homeostasis.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.44-55
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify factors influencing fundus examination to prevent diabetic retinopathy in diabetes patients to provide basic data to improve screening rates of fundus examinations. Methods: Raw data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which is a cross-sectional and nationally representative survey, were used in this study. The subjects of the study were 1,029 adult diabetes patients over the age of 19 years who had been diagnosed with diabetes. The demographic characteristics, diabetes and disease-related characteristics and health behavior characteristics according to the fundus examinations were analyzed by the chi-squared test and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the factors influencing fundus examination. Results: A total of 333 patients underwent fundus examination at a screening rate of 32.2%. We identified factors influencing fundus examination in patients with diabetes as level of education, type of diabetes care, period of diabetes, and smoking. Conclusion: A multiple approach is required to raise the low screening rate of fundus examination, including specialized education for low-education groups. Moreover, nursing intervention should focus on subjects who do not engage in insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents and with diabetes for a long period.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 2010

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a negative regulator of insulin signaling, has served as a potential drug target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The MeOH extracts of twenty-nine medicinal plants, traditionally used in Vietnam as anti-diabetes agents, were investigated for PTP1B inhibitory activity in vitro. The results indicated that, most materials showed moderate to strong inhibitory activity with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from $3.4\;{\mu}g/mL$ to $35.1\;{\mu}g/mL$; meanwhile, eleven extracts (37.9%) could demonstrate PTP1B activity with $IC_{50}$ values less than $15.5\;{\mu}g/mL$; sixteen extracts (55.2%) could demonstrate PTP1B activity with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from $15.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ to $35.1\;{\mu}g/mL$. The study may provide a proof, at least in a part, for the ethno-medical use in diabetes disease of these plants.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension. The subjects were 209 type 2 diabetic patients who visited at the endocrine center at Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital of Catholic University in Seoul from beginning of March through the end of April in 2001. The patient's clinical laboratory data were assessed at medical record review. The data were analyzed using for t-test, $x^2$ test. The results were as follows: 1) There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, sex, family history of diabetes and oral hypoglycemic agents between hypertensive group and normotensive group, However, percentage of patients receiving insulin treatment was higher significantly in the hypertensive group. 2) Creatinine and microalbuminuria levels were higher significantly in the hypertensive group. However, fasting blood glucose levels were lower significantly in the hypertensive group. There were no significant differences in $HbA_1c$, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein(a) and blood urea nitrogen between two groups. Our present study supports that Creatinine and microalbuminuria levels were higher significantly in the hypertensive group.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Pharmaceutical agents are the most common causes of poisoning in Korea. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are commonly used in Korea for the management of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, but are associated with a risk of mortality due to overdose. Due to the frequent fatalities associated with CCB overdose, it is essential that the emergency physician is capable of identifying CCB intoxication, and has the knowledge to manage CCB overdose. This article reviews the existing clinical guidelines, retrospective studies, and systematic reviews on the emergency management of CCB overdose. The following are the varied treatments of CCB overdose currently administered. 1) For asymptomatic patients: observation with enough time and decontamination, if indicated. 2) For symptomatic patients: infusion of calcium salt, high dose insulin therapy, and vasopressor (norepinephrine) or atropine for bradycardia. 3) For patients refractory to the first line therapy or with refractory shock or impending arrest: lipid emulsion therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. 4) As adjunct therapy: phosphodiesterase inhibitors, glucagon, methylene blue, pacemaker for AV block. Small CCB ingestion is known to be fatal for pediatric patients. Hence, close observation for sufficient time is required.