• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.532-540
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with two different types of hydrolyzed blood meal (HBM) on the growth performance, feed utilization, digestibility and innate immunity of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. A control diet (Con) consisting of 60% fish meal was formulated and four diets containing two different types of HBM at varying concentrations were prepared 2.5 and 5.0% liquid HBM (L2.5 and L5.0) and 0.5 and 1.0% powdered HBM (P0.5 and P1.0). A total of 450 olive flounder (average body weight: 50±0.07 g) were distributed in 15 tanks (240 L), with three replicate groups per diet. The fish were fed the diets to apparent satiation for 9 weeks and subsequently exposed to Edwardsiella tarda. The results showed that fish fed L2.5, L5.0 and P0.5 diets exhibited significantly higher lysozyme activity compared to those fed the Con and P1.0 diets. During the challenge test against E. tarda, the L5.0 and P0.5 fish groups exhibited higher disease resistance than that of the Con group. These findings indicate that dietary supplementation with HBM could positively effect the innate immunity and disease resistance of olive flounder.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.634-643
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• 2023

The effects of dietary supplementation with fermented blood meal (FBM) in two forms were evaluated on the growth performance, hematological parameters, innate immune response, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal histology of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. A commercial powder feed was used as a basal diet (Con). Six other diets were prepared by supplementing 2, 4 and 6% FBM either in powder or liquid form to the Con diet (designated as P2, P4, P6, L2, L4 and L6, respectively). In total 420 eels (initial mean body weight: 55.1±1.71 g) were distributed into 21 tanks (450L) at a density of 20 eels per tank. Three replicate groups of fish were fed one of the seven diets twice daily for 12 weeks. No significant differences were observed in the growth performance and survival among all groups. Fish fed FBM-containing diets showed significantly improved hematological parameters, innate immunity and antioxidant capacity than those in the Con group. Fish fed FBM-containing diets showed significantly enhanced digestive enzyme activity, villus length and goblet cells than those in fish fed Con diet. These results indicate that both powder and liquid FBM could be a good functional feed additive to improve innate immunity and digestion in Japanese eel.

• BMB Reports
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.311-318
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• 2016

Innate immune responses are primary, relatively limited, and specific responses to numerous pathogens and toxic molecules. Protein expression involved in these innate responses must be tightly regulated at both transcriptional level and post-transcriptional level to avoid the development of excessive inflammation that can be potentially harmful to the host. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs (∼22 nucleotides [nts]) that participate in the regulation of numerous physiological responses by targeting specific messenger RNAs to suppress their translation. Recent work has shown that several negative regulators of transcription including microRNAs play important roles in inhibiting the exacerbation of inflammatory responses and in the maintenance of immunological homeostasis. This emerging research area will provide new insights on how microRNAs regulate innate immune signaling. It might show that dysregulation of microRNA synthesis is associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory and infectious diseases. In this review, we focused on miR-146 and miR-125 and described the roles these miRNAs in modulating innate immune signaling. These microRNAs can control inflammatory responses and the outcomes of pathogenic infections.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.315-320
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• 2005

목 적 : 본 연구에서는 가와사끼병에서 toll-like receptor(TLR)의 발현정도를 살펴 염증반응이 유발되기 시작하는 기전에 대해 접근하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2003년 3월부터 8월까지 연세의료원에서 가와사끼병으로 진단 받은 환아 10명과 발열대조군 10명 및 정상대조군 10명의 말초혈액을 얻은 후 유세포분석기(flow cytometry)를 시행하여 CD14 양성인 단핵구에서의 TLR-2 발현정도를 측정하였다. 또한 말초 혈액 단핵구의 total RNA를 분리한 후 역전사중합효소 연쇄반응(RT-PCR)을 시행하여 TLR-2의 mRNA 발현을 살펴보았다. 결 과 : 환자군에서의 TLR-2 발현은 정상대조군보다 통계적으로 유의하게 증가되어 있었으나 임상경과에 따른 양상을 보면 급성기보다 아급성기에서 감소하였지만 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았고 환자군과 발열대조군의 TLR-2 발현도 의미있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 급성기 환자군의 말초혈액 단 핵구에서 TLR-2의 mRNA 발현이 증가되어 있었다. 결 론 : TLR-2의 발현은 가와사끼병 환자에서 정상대조군과 비교하여 증가되어 있었으며 이는 TLR 및 이를 통한 선천성 면역계(innate immunity)가 가와사끼병의 병인과 연관될 수 있음을 시사한다. 앞으로 TLR의 발현이 가와사끼병에서의 염증유발에 있어 구체적으로 어떤 역할을 하는지에 대한 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2017

생균제는 성장촉진, 면역증진 및 질병예방에서 넙치 Paralichthys olivaceus 치어의 양식에서 우수한 생산효과로 적용될 수 있다. 성장률, 선천성면역 및 항병력을 증강시킬 수 있는 생균제의 효과를 조사하기위해 Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis 및 Lactobacillus plantarum (BSL-LAB)이 혼합되어있는 생균제와 NBS (nitrifying bacteria con- sortium) 분말을 사료에 첨가 또는 수조에 투입하여 시험을 수행하였다. 생균제 첨가사료는 7주간 투여하였고 3가지의 생균제 조합 시험군 모두에서 넙치의 성장과 항병력에서 대조군에 비해 높은 유효성을 발휘 하였다. 어병세균에 대한 항병력의 긍정적인 결과는 생균제에 대한 면역기능의 향상으로 나타난 효과이며 상기 시험결과로 볼 때, 넙치치어 양식에서 생균제의 혼합첨가는 성장 및 선천성면역 뿐만 아니라 질병저항성에 좋은 효과를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.298-306
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• 2017

Background: Compound K (CK) is a bioactive derivative of ginsenoside Rb1 in Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng). Its biological and pharmacological activities have been studied in various disease conditions, although its immunomodulatory role in innate immunity mediated by monocytes/macrophages has been poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the regulatory role of CK on cellular events mediated by monocytes and macrophages in innate immune responses. Methods: The immunomodulatory role of CK was explored by various immunoassays including cell-cell adhesion, fibronectin adhesion, cell migration, phagocytic uptake, costimulatory molecules, reactive oxygen species production, luciferase activity, and by the measurement of mRNA levels of proinflammatory genes. Results: Compound K induced cell cluster formation through cell-cell adhesion, cell migration, and phagocytic activity, but it suppressed cell-tissue interactions in U937 and RAW264.7 cells. Compound K also upregulated the surface expression of the cell adhesion molecule cluster of differentiation (CD) 43 (CD43) and costimulatory molecules CD69, CD80, and CD86, but it downregulated the expression of monocyte differentiation marker CD82 in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, CK induced the release of reactive oxygen species and induced messenger RNA expression of proinflammatory genes, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by enhancing the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activities of nuclear factor kappa-B and activator protein-1. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CK has an immunomodulatory role in innate immune responses through regulating various cellular events mediated by monocytes and macrophages.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권11호
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• pp.777-782
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• 2016

The innate immune system has evolved to detect and destroy invading pathogens before they can establish systemic infection. To successfully eradicate pathogens, including viruses, host innate immunity is activated through diverse pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which detect conserved viral signatures and trigger the production of type I interferon (IFN) and pro-inflammatory cytokines to mediate viral clearance. Viral persistence requires that viruses co-opt cellular pathways and activities for their benefit. In particular, due to the potent antiviral activities of IFN and cytokines, viruses have developed various strategies to meticulously modulate intracellular innate immune sensing mechanisms to facilitate efficient viral replication and persistence. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the study of viral immune evasion strategies with a specific focus on how Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) effectively targets host PRR signaling pathways.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.171-181
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• 2014

Asthma is a common pulmonary disease with several different forms. The most studied form of asthma is the allergic form, which is mainly related to the function of Th2 cells and their production of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in association with allergen sensitization and adaptive immunity. Recently, there have been many advances in understanding non-allergic asthma, which seems to be related to environmental factors such as air pollution, infection, or even obesity. Cells of the innate immune system, including macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer T cells as well as the newly described innate lymphoid cells, are effective producers of a variety of cytokines and seem to play important roles in the development of non-allergic asthma. In this review, we focus on recent findings regarding innate lymphoid cells and their roles in asthma.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1626-1639
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• 2020

In Caenorhabditis elegans, SHN-1 is the homologue of SHANK, a scaffolding protein. In this study, we determined the molecular basis for SHN-1/SHANK in the regulation of innate immune response to fungal infection. Mutation of shn-1 increased the susceptibility to Candida albicans infection and suppressed the innate immune response. After C. albicans infection for 6, 12, or 24 h, both transcriptional expression of shn-1 and SHN-1::GFP expression were increased, implying that the activated SHN-1 may mediate a protection mechanism for C. elegans against the adverse effects from fungal infection. SHN-1 acted in both the neurons and the intestine to regulate the innate immune response to fungal infection. In the neurons, GLR-1, an AMPA ionotropic glutamate receptor, was identified as the downstream target in the regulation of innate immune response to fungal infection. GLR-1 further positively affected the function of SER-7-mediated serotonin signaling and antagonized the function of DAT-1-mediated dopamine signaling in the regulation of innate immune response to fungal infection. Our study suggests the novel function of SHN-1/SHANK in the regulation of innate immune response to fungal infection. Moreover, our results also denote the crucial role of neurotransmitter signals in mediating the function of SHN-1/SHANK in regulating innate immune response to fungal infection.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.426-438
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• 2016

Plant disease resistance occurs as a hypersensitive response (HR) at the site of attempted pathogen invasion. This specific event is initiated in response to recognition of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and subsequent PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Both PTI and ETI mechanisms are tightly connected with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and disease resistance that involves distinct biphasic ROS production as one of its pivotal plant immune responses. This unique oxidative burst is strongly dependent on the resistant cultivars because a monophasic ROS burst is a hallmark of the susceptible cultivars. However, the cause of the differential ROS burst remains unknown. In the study here, we revealed the plausible underlying mechanism of the differential ROS burst through functional understanding of the Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) AVR effector, AVR-Pii. We performed yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening using AVR-Pii as bait and isolated rice NADP-malic enzyme2 (Os-NADP-ME2) as the rice target protein. To our surprise, deletion of the rice Os-NADP-ME2 gene in a resistant rice cultivar disrupted innate immunity against the rice blast fungus. Malic enzyme activity and inhibition studies demonstrated that AVR-Pii proteins specifically inhibit in vitro NADP-ME activity. Overall, we demonstrate that rice blast fungus, M. oryzae attenuates the host ROS burst via AVR-Pii-mediated inhibition of Os-NADP-ME2, which is indispensable in ROS metabolism for the innate immunity of rice. This characterization of the regulation of the host oxidative burst will help to elucidate how the products of AVR genes function associated with virulence of the pathogen.