• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.223-231
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• 1999

육묘장의 두상관수장치는 균일하게 관수되어야 모종도 균일하게 성장한다. 본 연구에서는 부채꼴 분사노즐을 이용한 두상관수장치의 노즐 설치위치에 따른 관수상태를 조사하여 균일관수방법을 구명하였다. 살수량은 주행속도에 반비례하였고, 관수균일도는 노즐과 관수면과의 거리에 큰 영향을 받으며 주행속도의 영향은 없었다. 단일노즐에 의한 두상관수인 경우 노즐 끝에서 관수면이 60cm 이상 멀어질수록 관수균일도가 향상되며, 연속노즐에 의한 두상관수인 경우 관수면이 노즐분사 각도의 2차 교차점에 위치할 때 관수균일도가 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 두상관수장치의 균일관수를 위해서는 작물의 머리높이가 분사노즐의 2차교차점에 일치하도록 노즐의 위치를 정해야 하며 작물의 자람에 따른 노즐대 놀이를 조절해 주는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.60-65
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• 2004

Numerical simulations and experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of fuel injection nozzles on the combustion and NOx formation processes in a medium-speed marine diesel engine. Spray visualization experiment was performed in the constant-volume high-pressure chamber to verify the numerical results on the spray characteristics such as spray angle and spray tip penetration. Time-resolved spray behaviors were captured by high-speed digital camera and analyzed to extract the information on the spray parameters. Spray and combustion phenomena were examined numerically using FIRE code. Wave breakup and Zeldovich models were adopted to describe the atomization characteristics and NOx formation processes. Numerical results were verified with experimental data such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate and NOx emission. Finally, the effects of fuel injection nozzles on the engine performance were investigated numerically to find the optimum nozzle parameters such as fuel injection angle, nozzle hole diameter and number of nozzle holes. From this study, the optimum fuel injection nozzle (nozzle hole diameter, 0.32 mm, number of nozzle holes, 8 and fuel injection angle, $148^{\circ}$) was selected to reduce both the fuel consumption and NOx emission. The reason for this selection could be explained from the highest fuel-air mixing in the early phase of injection due to the longest spray tip penetration and the highest heat release rate after $19^{\circ}$ ATDC due to the increased injection duration.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.467-473
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• 1996

Ultrasonic energy was applied for atomizing rice-bran oil which is a highly viscous bio fuel. Six different nozzles, an injection simulator, and an ultrasonic generator system were designed and constructed for the experiment. An immersion liquid method was used for the measurement of injection droplet sizes. The characteristics of injection droplets was investigated with respect to the numbers of the droplets with diameters ranging from 5$\mu$m 50$\mu$m and to the Sauter mean diameter. The results showed that the ultrasonic energy was effective for the improvement of the atomization of the injection droplets for all the factors such as type of nozzles, nozzle opening pressures, and collection distances.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.45-57
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• 2007

This paper presents both experimental and numerical studies regarding nozzles used for the SI engine application, particularly for the intake-port fuel injection type. The atomization mechanism of the multi-hole plate nozzle was investigated experimentally. It was found that the nozzle design added turbulence into the liquid-film jet and the jet disintegrated rapidly. Based on the results, various plate types for the nozzle were developed and tested; six hole nozzle for liquid jet interaction, plate-type nozzle with flat duct channel, and the simpler structured nozzle. The spray characteristics of the prototype nozzles were examined experimentally while the internal flow of the nozzle was investigated computationally. It was shown that turbulent liquid-film was injected and atomization quality was improved by controlling the internal flow condition of the plate-type nozzle.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2006

Direct injection of a fibrinolytic agent to the intra-arterial thrombosis may increase the effectiveness of thrombolysis by enhancing the permeation of thrombolytic agents into the blood clot. Permeation of fibrinolytic agents into a clot is influenced by the surface pressure, which is determined by the injection velocity of fibrinolytic agents. Computational fluid dynamic methods were used in order to predict clot lysis for different jet velocities and nozzle arrangements. Firstly, thrombolysis of a clot was mathematically modeled based on the pressure and lysis front velocity relationship. Direct injection of a thrombolytic agent increased the speed of thrombolysis significantly and the effectiveness was increased as the ejecting velocity increased. The nine nozzles model showed about 20% increase of the lysed volume, and the one and seventeen nozzles models did not show significant differences. Secondly, thrombolysis was modeled based on the enzyme transport and the fluid flow equations, and quasi steady numerical analysis was performed. Clot lysis efficiency was also increased as injection velocity increased.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1222-1235
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• 2004

This study examines the influence of geometry on the internal flow and macroscopic behavior of the spray in Diesel nozzles. For this investigation, two bi-orifice nozzles were employed: one cylindrical and one conical. The first step is to use a non-destructive characterization method which is based on the production of silicone moulds so that the precise internal geometry of the two nozzles can be measured. At this stage the nozzles have been characterized dimensionally and therefore the internal flow can be studied using CFD calculations. The results gained from this experiment make it possible also to ascertain the critical cavitation conditions. Once the critical cavitation conditions have been identified, the macroscopic parameters of the spray can be studied in both cavitating and non-cavitating conditions using a test rig pressurized with nitrogen and with the help of a image acquisition system and image processing software. Consequently, research can be carried out to determine the influence that cavitation has on macroscopic spray behavior. From the point of view of the spray macroscopic behavior, the main conclusion of the paper is that cavitation leads to an increment of the spray cone angle. On the other hand, from the point of view of the internal flow, the hole outlet velocity increases when cavitation appears. This phenomenon can be explained by the reduction in the cross section of the liquid phase in the outlet section of the hole.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.295-298
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• 2008

ASTM D5757-95에 따른 입자 마모 측정기를 이용하여 접선 방향의 기체 주입에 따른 입자 마모 특성을 고찰하였다. 접선 방향의 기체 주입에 따른 영향을 고찰하기 위하여 모래의 입도 분포 변화, 비산 회재의 양 등을 측정하여 비교하였다. 입자 마모에 따라서 발생하는 미세 입자들은 기체 유속이 증가함에 따라서 증가하였다. 수직 방향의 기체 주입에 비해 접선 방향으로 기체를 주입함에 따라서 입자 마모량이 변하였으며 노즐의 각도가 감소함에 따라서 비산량이 줄어들었다. 또한 전체 유량이 동일한 경우, 사용되는 노즐이 증가할수록 입도변화가 커짐도 알 수 있었다.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.767-773
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• 2017

Infrared stealth is an important technology for naval ships. This technology helps improve the anti-detection performance and survivability of naval ships. In general, the infrared signature of naval ships are categorized into internal and external heat source. External signature are generated by ship surface heating by solar flux as well as the complicated heat transfer process with the surrounding weather condition. Modern naval ships are equipped with seawater injection nozzles on the outside for nuclear, biological and, chemical, and these nozzles are used to control external signature. Wide nozzle placement intervals and insufficient injection pressure, however, have reduced seawater dispersion area. To address this problem, nozzle installation standards must be established. In this study, an actual-scale experimental system was implemented to provide the evidence for nozzle installation standards in order to reduce the infrared signature of naval ships. In addition, the environmental conditions of the experiment were set up through computational fluid dynamics considering the ocean climate data and naval ship management conditions of South Korea. The dispersion distance was measured using a high-resolution thermography system. The flow rate, pipe pressure, and dispersion distance were analyzed, and the evidence for the installation of seawater injection nozzles and operation performance standards was suggested.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.325-333
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• 2012

원형 및 타원노즐의 내부유동과 외부유동의 상관관계를 알아보기 위해 실험적 연구가 수행되었다. 분사압력에 따라 유량, 분무각, 액적크기 등의 외부유동에 관해 관찰하였고, 노즐 내부유동의 유속 및 압력분포 등을 수치해석을 통해 정량적인 결과를 도출하였다. 외부유동의 경우, 동일한 압력조건하에서 타원형 노즐의 경우, 원형 노즐에서 나타나지 않는 표면분열의 분무특성을 관찰할 수 있었고, 수치해석을 통해 노즐 내부의 유동을 분석한 결과, 원형의 경우와는 달리 타원형 노즐의 단축에서 내부유동의 재부착이 노즐 벽면에서 발생되었다. 타원노즐 외부유동의 표면분열이 내부유동에 따른 결과라고 판단된다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.424-429
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• 2010

In the RH process, it is possible to obtain quicker processing times by enhancing the decarburization rates at a low carbon range of steel melt through Ar gas injection into the vacuum vessel. The RH decarburization reaction was simulated through a dissolved oxygen removal reaction by injecting nitrogen into a 1/8 scale RH water model system. The gas nozzles for the N$_{2}$ injection into the vacuum vessel were located at the lowest level of the vessel's outer wall. The nitrogen bubbling in the vacuum vessel resulted in an increase in the reaction rate constant, which rose in accordance with an increase in the bubbling flow rate and number of nozzles used. However, there was almost no variation in the reaction rate constant, which depended on the horizontal positions of the bubbling nozzles.